英语语法作为我们初中英语学习的一个重点知识内容,它的牢固程度将影响着我们整个初中阶段的一个英语学习成绩,所以,对于孩子们来讲,掌握好英语语法非常重要。 初中英语时态——现在完成时 标志:have / has + 动词的过去分词 1. 表示一个过去发生并已完成的动作对现在产生影响或结果,强调的是现在的状况(表示“已完成”)。如: He has left the city. (结果:他目前不在这个城市) Someone has broken the window. (结果:窗户破了) 2. 表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也可能还会继续持续下去(表示“未完成”)。 I have been busy since last week. He has taught in our school for 30 years. I’ve finished half so far. 注意 瞬间动词通常是不能用现在完成时表持续性的,但其否定结构则可以。如: She hasn’t seen you for ages. His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week. 3. 表示过去到现在为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态,常与表示频度的副词always, often, every day等连用。如: I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company. 4. 在时间和条件状语从句中,现在完成时表示将来某时完成的动作。如: I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park. 5. 与现在完成时连用的常见词语 能与现在完成时连用的词语很多,just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等,但常见的有: 1) since 自从 I have been there many times since the war. We haven’t seen each other since last week. We have been friends ever since. 2) in/for / during the past/last … years 在过去/最近…中 I’ve been ill for the past three weeks. Great changes have taken place in the last ten years. I have been here (for) the last/past month. 3) so far 到目前为止 We haven’t had any trouble so far. So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless. 4) up to/until now 到现在为止 Up to now, he’s been quiet. Up to now, the work has been easy. I have heard nothing from him up till now. Up till now, we have planted over 2000 trees. 5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 这是第一/二…次… It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here. It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public. It is the second time (that) I have met him today. 6) This is + 形容词最高级 + that … 这是最… This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1) 现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果,与现在有联系; 而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去,不涉及对现在的影响。如: I have seen this film. (我已经看过了这部电影) I saw this film yesterday. (我是昨天看的这部电影) 2) 现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用(如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等),或者干脆没有时间状语; 而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用(如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等)。 3) 现在完成时表示持续时一般使用延续性动词(如live, teach, work, know等); 而一般过去时常使用瞬间动词(如begin, buy, die, marry等)。如: He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring. My grandfather bought the car five years ago. 7. 易错点辨析 1) 考生容易把一些瞬间动词用现在完成时表达,这是错误的。如: (×) He has died for two years. 他死了两年了。 (√) He has been dead for two years. (√) He died two years ago. (×) The film has begun at 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。 (√) The film has been on for 10 minutes. (√) The film began 10 minutes ago. (×) She has been married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。 (√) She has been married for three years. (√) She married Mike three years ago. 2) 考生不懂如何区分have been to和have gone to,尽管两者均可后接地点,但have been to表示去过某地(现在已经回来了),have gone to表示到某地去了(现在还没回来)。如: She has been to Paris (three times). She has gone to Paris.