初中重要短语及知识点总结13:词汇语法大全(2)
五. 不定式动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to。动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。不定式保留动词的某些特性,可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动词不定式和它后面的宾语、状语等一起构成短语,叫作不定式短语。1. 用作主语直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多,多数情况用it作形式主语,把真正的主语—动词不定式置于句末,特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首。It is our duty to try our best to deal with these problems.尽最大努力处理这些问题是我们的责任。The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother.校长说,和他妈妈谈一谈很有必要。How to learn English well is important.如何学好英语很重要。To see is to believe.眼见为实;百闻不如一见。2. 用作表语动词不定式作表语,常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如:The best way is to join an English club.最好的办法是加入一个英语俱乐部The first thing is to listen to the teacher carefully.首先是要认真听老师讲课。3. 用作宾语(1)可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有:要求选择同意(ask, choose, agree);期望决定学习(expect, hope, decide, learn);宁可假装知道(prefer, pretend, know);希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如:We dcided to talk to some students about why they go there.我们决定和一些学生谈谈他们去那里的原因。He prefers to eat white bread and rice.他更喜欢吃白面包和白米饭。I‘d love to visitMexico.我想要去参观墨西哥。(2)动词feel, find, make, think等后面,可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语—动词不定式,句子结构是...feel / find / make / ... it+adj. / n.+to do....如:I find it difficult to remember everything.我发现记住所有事情很难。(3)既可接动词不定式又可接v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来,动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程,v-ing形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格,特别是美国英语,即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如:Then I started to watch TV.然后我开始看电视。I am beginning to understand my parents.我开始理解我的??母。I like to eat vegetables.我喜欢吃蔬菜。(4)后接动词不定式或v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语,表动作尚未发生;后接ving形式作宾语,表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事,to do是目的状语;stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事,doing是宾语;try to do尽力做,try doing试试看;go on to do接着做另外的事,go on doing继续做原来的事。如:When I left home, I forgot to bring it with me.我离开家时,忘记带上它了。I stopped using them last year.去年,我停止使用它们。4. 用作定语(1)表将来时。The question to be discussed next meeting is a difficult one.下次会议要讨论的这个问题非常难。(2)当被修饰词是最高级或序数词或被其修饰时。He is always the first man to come to the office.他总是第一个来到办公室。He is the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作最好的人选。(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时。This is the best way to work out the maths problem.这是解决这道数学题最好的办法。I have a chance to travel to London.我又一个去伦敦旅行的机会。5. 用作宾语补足语(1)带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有:要求允许提议(ask, allow, , advise);期望邀请鼓励(expect, , invite, encourage);教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want);等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如:I’d invite her to have dinner at my house.我想要邀请她来我家吃晚饭。We should allow the children to choose their own clothes.我们应该允许孩子们选择自己的服装。(2)动词不定式作补语,在主动语态句里不带to,被动语态句里带to时,多数动词是感官动词和使役动词。包括四“看”:look at, observe, see, watch;三“让”:have, let, make;二“听”:hear, listen to;一“感觉”:feel;一“注意”:notice。如This picture makes me feel excited!这幅画使我感觉很兴奋。We saw Liu Yu play baseball last week.上周我们看到刘宇打棒球了。(3)help后接动词不定式作补语,to可带可不带。They can help you (to) learn English.他们帮助你学习英语。6. 用作状语(1)目的状语,置于句首或句末,置于句首时常表示强调。如:In order to catch the early bus, she got up very early.为了赶上早班车,她起得很早。A group of young people got together to discuss this question.一组年轻人聚在一起讨论这个问题。She came to this city to visit her daughter.她来到这个城市看望她的女儿。(2)原因状语,多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”结构句中。如:I feel very lucky to have him.拥有他我感觉很幸运。(3)结果状语,多见于“too...to”,“enough to...”结构句中。如:I’m too tired to do it well.我太累了以至于做不好这件事。The room is big enough for three people to live in.这个房间三个人住足够大。7. 动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of,主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来,of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等,说明人的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等,一般说明不定式动作的特性,前面如果是名词用for。如:It’s a good idea for parents to allow children to study in groups during the evening.对父母来说,在晚上让孩子分组学习是个好主意。It’s wise of him to do it well.对他来说,把这件事做好很明智。8. 带疑问词的不定式短语动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用,在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等,或者单独使用。要注意的是,why后面的不定式不带to。如:(1)用作句子的成分。I don’t know what to try next. (作宾语)我不知道接下来要尝试什么。Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)还没有决定去哪里。(2)单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。What to do next?=What will we / you do next?接下来做什么?Why go there?=Why do we / you go there?为什么去那里?9. 动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do...;不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do...如:They decide not to talk to each other.他们决定不和彼此说话。His parents tell him never to play soccer in the street.他父母告诉他不要在街上踢足球。六、动名词动名词相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。1. 作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2. 作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?3. 作表语Babysister’s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children.保姆的工作是洗衣服,作饭和照看孩子。4. 做定语a washing machine 一台洗衣机七. 介词by的用法1. 意为“在……旁”,“靠近”。Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。2. 意为“不迟于”,“到……时为止”。Your son will be all right by supper time.你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?3. 表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。4. 表示“逐个”,“逐批”的意思。One by one they went past the table in the dark.他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5. 表示“根据”,“按照”的意思。What time is it by your watch?你的表几点了?6. 和take , hold等动词连用,说明接触身体的某一部分。I took him by the hand.我拉住了他的手。7. 用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。English is spoken by many people.英语被许多人说。(即“许多人讲英语。”)八. used to 的用法used to 意为过去常常做某事。used to 的用法1. 肯定句:used这个词没有人称的变化,to后面接动词原形。否定句是didn’t use to….When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果。疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿?2. 含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语,而用didn’t + 主语。——He used to smoke, didn’t he?——他过去常常吸烟,是吗?Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t.是的,他吸。/ 不,他不吸。九.?虚拟语气如果我们所说的不是事实,而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。注意:条件句分两种,真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟(非真实)条件句中,才用虚拟语气;而在真实条件句中,要用陈述语气.请比较:(1)If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.如果明天天气好,我们将会去公园。在这句话中,明天天气好是完全有可能实现的,并非虚拟、幻想,因此是真实条件句,在本句中,适用“主将从现。”(2)If I were you , I would go at once.如果我是你的话,我立刻就走。在这句话中,条件句“如果我是你”,但事实上,我不可能成为你,这只是假设的情况,没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小,甚至可以说没有时,就需要用虚拟语气来表示。虚拟语气表示和现在的事实相反,从句用一般过时,主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。例如 :If I had time, I would go for a walk.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.注意:在虚拟语气的句子中,be动词只能用were,不能用was。十. must/might/could/can't1. must(1)must 表示主观看法,意为“必须”。如:You must stay here until I come back.Must I hand in my homework right now?对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to .如:—Must I finish my homework?—No, you needn’t.(2)must也可以表示有把握的推测,意为“ 一定,肯定”,用于肯定句。如: he light is on, so he must be at home now.其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止,不许”。如:You mustn’t play with fire.You mustn’t be late.2. could(1)can的过去式,意为“能、会”,表示过去的能力。如:He could write poems when he was 10.(2)could在疑问句中,表示委婉请求的语气,此时could没有过去式的意思。如:Could you do me a favour?—Could I use your pen?—Yes, you can.(注意回答)3. mightmight为may的过去式。might表示推测时,表示可能性低于may(此时might没有过去式的意思),当请求讲时,比may的语气更委婉。He is away from school. He might be sick.Might I use your dictionary?4. can(1)表示能力,一般译为“能、会”,尤其指生来具备的能力。如:She can swim fast, but I can’t .(2)表示许可,常在口语中。如:You can use my dictionary.(3)表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t译为“不可能”。如:—Can the news be true?—No, it can’t be our teacher. He is on a visit to the Great Wall.