2014中考英语语法考点之部分名词用法

The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老妇一个人在屋里。

可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone. 她独居。

Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?

Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克独自在海滩漫步。

(注意：不可说very alone. 但可说very much alone.)

2lonely, “孤独的;寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。

He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。

(lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。)

也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人

a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄 (而alone不可作定语)

56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me / Lucy / my brother. (直接加人)

This suit is mine / Lucy’s / my son’s / hers. (某物是某人的，所以用名词性物主代词。)

57.by常见用法：1“通过”I study English by memorizing grammar.

You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary. He travels by bike.

2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

The train had left by the time he got there.

3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.

4“经过”He passed by me without noticing me.

5“在……旁边”Sit by me. They are playing by the river.

58.部分用in的短语： in a good way(用一个好方法), in the open air(在露天场所)

2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。

The food in China is quite different from that in America.

The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.

that也可指上文所说的事：

A: I had an accident and broke my legs. B: I’m sorry to hear that.

3 this 更多指下文所说的事：The reason is this : ………..

4one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，指同一类物但不是同一个。

This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)

77.at / by the end of, in the end 的区别：

1at the end of +时间点或地点，“在…的尽头，在…的末尾”

They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (时间)

He put some books at the end of the bed. (地点)

2by the end of +时间点，“截止到…末”

若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时： We had built ten buildings by the end of 2002. They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.

若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.

3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短语：

They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.

78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点“已去了…(还未回来)” -I can’t find those children, where are they?

-They have gone to the farm. (去了农场，不在这儿)

2have been to+地点“去过…(原来去过，现在已回) ”句尾常接次数或多个地点

或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

She has been to Qingdao three times. I have been to two big cities.

Have you been to Dalian before? I have never / ever been to Dalian.

I have never been there before. Where have you been? 你去哪儿了?(此行省略了to)

3have been in + 地点，“已在…(多久了) ”句尾常接for + 时间段，或since + 时间点 / 一般过去时的句子。

Peter has been in China for a long time.

I’ve been here for 2 hours / since 2 hours ago. (此短语省略了in)

79.all / whole用法：all (of) the land / all (of) the class / all (of) the students…【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole day… 【whole 在定冠词the 后】

—22—

80.a bit / a little区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词或副词。

I’m a bit / a little hungry. She feels a bit / a little tired.

也都可作代词(或形容词)，后接不可数名词，但有所不同：

I have only a little drink. She ate a little bread and went out. (a little 直接加名词)

而下文：I have only a bit of drink. She ate a bit of bread. (a bit先加of，再跟名词)

81.“擅长”与“不擅长”： “对…有利”与“对…有害”：

“擅长”：be good at / do well in He is good at math. = He does well in math.

“不擅长”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

“对…有利”：be good for “对…有害”：be bad for

82. 表数量的词与短语的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / more / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) / 后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。 2many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。 3much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可数名词。

83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。

I really love reading. I really miss you. (修饰动词)

Tom speaks really quickly. 汤姆说得非常快。(修饰副词)

It’s really kind of you. 你真好。 (修饰形容词)

2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像…), move(使…感动), excite(使…激动)等等。常在句尾。

Jack wants to go there very much. 杰克很想去那儿。

I hate reciting the words very much. 我很讨厌背单词。

He enjoyed the film very much. 他很喜欢这部电影。

He takes after his mother very much. 他长得很像他妈妈。

(very much 不可修饰形容词和副词：I’m happy very much.是错误的。)

3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：

She is very kind. I am very happy. Peter speaks very slowly.

(very不可修饰动词：I very like English. He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。)

84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for(后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词);

since(后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词);

How long(对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词)

in / all one’s life(在某人一生);in / during the past / last+时间段 (在最近的…时间内) ;so far(“到目前为止”); ever;never;just;before(参见18之4) ;recently;.

—23—

yet(用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中);

already (用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)

其中ever, just, never, already在句中时常放在动词过去分词前面。如：He has just gone.

85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语(划线部分)：

She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike.

形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：

The girl is kind. His face turned red. It tastes sweet.

也可放在不定代词或不定副词后面作定语： somewhere warm; anything new (另见10)

2副词(以下划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子，如以下黑体字。

He ran quickly. Please speak in the class aloud. Tim lives alone. 修饰动词

She is very angry. He felt too tired. I’m so lucky. 修饰形容词

He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修饰副词

Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修饰整个句子

86.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English. every day是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。We speak English every day.

87.everyone与every one: 1everyone“每个人;大家;所有人”，只指人。

后不接of短语。Everyone is here except Tom.

2every one“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后常接of短语。

Every one of us has a dictionary. Every one of the trees is tall.

88.none与no one: 1no one“没有一人”只指人, 后不接of短语。

No one has been to Beihai Park. No one told us about it.

(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)

2none“没有人;没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物;既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。

None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.

(此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用no one)

A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.

(对话中none单独用，不指人，故不用no one. 另见114)

89.乘交通工具之表达:1by bike / car / sea (ship) / air (plane) (前无冠词，且不用复数)

2on a horseback / his bike / the plane / a ship (有冠词或限定词)

He is talking with his teacher. May I talk to you?

(注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talk with / to sb ; talk about sth)

2tell只作及物动词,“告诉;讲”。常接双宾结构(tell sb sth.)

Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Who told you the news?

3say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。 (所接内容见以下划线部分)

Please say it in English. He said nothing. Please show me what to say..

“I disagree with you.” said Tom. What will you say? Do you have anything to say?

say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.

“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.

4speak ●“说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.

●接人时先加介词to. May I speak to Mr. Smith?

●可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now. 这个婴儿现在能说话。

There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak. 他的喉咙有病，说不成话。

●也可译为“演讲，发言”Who will speak in the meeting?

●也可译为“说”，作及物动词，后接语言。Do you speak English / Chinese?

61.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time:

sometimes: “有时”=at times. He is sometimes late for school. (sometimes在be后)

I sometimes forgot my homework. (sometimes在实义动词前)

Sometimes he becomes very angry. (sometimes 也可放在句首或句尾)

some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times.

sometime: “某一时刻” I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某个时候买的它。

We’ll meet again sometime next week. 我们下星期某个时候会再见面的。

some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.

62.need 的用法：1need可当情态动词(和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中)： Need I go now? (need 放在一般疑问句的开头)

I needn’t tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need后加not)

【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】

2need 可当行为动词(和want 等用法类似)：

He needs a bike. (后可直接加名词)

I need to go over my lessons. (后可接带to不定式)

Do you need to have a rest? (一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首)

We don’t need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do, does, did提前)

—18—

【 注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为： The TV needs to be repaired.

= The TV needs repairing.】

63.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”

What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。

How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。

下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk?

Could you tell me how to deal with this problem?

64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucy is wrong.

There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型)

Not only you but (also) I am strict in the work.

Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.

65.主谓一致：One / Neither of you is right. (单数谓语)

Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主语是Tom, 单数谓语)

This pair of shoes looks beautiful. (主语是pair, 谓语用单数)

The shoes look beautiful. (此句主语无pair, 谓语用复数)

Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. (此结构中用单数谓语)

The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic.

(the 加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数)

Mr. and Mrs. Green are from America. 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语)

The teacher and writer is an able man. 指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。

Both you and I are excited about the news. (both…..and …做主语，谓语用复数)

the number of与a number of参见39. (分数表达见50, 其它见74之5)

66.quite / such / really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，不定冠词常放在后面。

It’s quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy.

It’s such an important lesson.(另见33) Lily is really a lazy girl.

67.部分用what 提问的句型：

What size do you want? 你想要多大尺寸的?

What will you do with the problem? 你将怎样处理这个问题?

What’s the population of China? 中国的人口是多少?

What day is it today?今天星期几? What’s the date today? 今天几月几号?

What’s the price of this one? 这个价钱是多少?

What’s your address? 你的地址是什么?

—19—

What’s your phone number? 你的电话号码是多少?

68.there be部分用法：●there be 后跟的是名词。如：There will be rain tomorrow.

此处名词rain不能用rainy, raining等形式。

●常有以下结构: there may / will / must / is going to / used to /…be. …

●there be中不可再出现have / has / had (译为“有”) 的词。

●there be 后接的是表示泛指的名词，即不加the. There is a dog under the desk.

There is no water in the bottle. There are some books on the shelf.

●There is only a student taking notes now. (划线部分逻辑上是主谓关系，动词加ing)

There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. There is nothing to do.

(划线部分逻辑上不是主谓关系，动词常用带to 不定式。)

●反意疑问句用法见45。

69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, never等.(但前缀如dis--, un--, in--, im--, mis--或后缀如—less等词并不表否定。)

有些词或短语有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, too…to…

without anything, too tired to go any further

70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。 (have“使、让”，可接动词原形，其它用法，另见36)

【注意否定形式： had better / would you please / let直接加not + 动原;

而please加don’t + 动原】

71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish / enjoy / practice / give up / end up / put off / consider / keep / feel like / prefer…to…/ can’t help(禁不住) / be busy / be worth(值得) / take turns(轮流) / miss(错过) / spend / have fun / 介词等。

72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want / hope / wish / allow / encourage(鼓励)/ ask / tell / pretend(假装) / decide / plan / invite / urge / advise / warn / seem / in order (为了) 等等。

疑问词后也可跟带to不定式, 如how to do it。 it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。

【否定形式：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】

73.被动语态 (be + 动词过去分词) 用法：1主动语态为下列情况时被动语态的变化：

一般情况：I saw the accident . →The accident was seen by me.

We often do homework at night. →Homework is often done at night.

双宾情况:He told us a story.→We were told a story.(无to)→A story was told to us.(有to)

She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.(无to)→A pen was passed to me. (有to)

情态动词:We can make a plan. →A plan can be made.

—20—

进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom. (be being done)

完成时态：I have finished the work. →The work has been finished. (have been done)

被动语态其它用法分别见6和36.

2被动语态常跟的介词：(以下面短语为例)

be made in + 地点 These watches are made in Shanghai.

be made of + 眼睛可以看出的原材料 This desk is made of wood. (仍能看出木头)

be made from +眼睛看不出的原材料 The paper is made from wood. (看不出木头)

be used for + 目的 English is often used for business. (用于商业目的)

This machine is used for cutting things. (用于切割东西)

be used as …被用来当作…… English is used as a foreign language in China.

be made by + 人 The model ship was made by Lily.

be filled with / be covered with是固定短语，分别译为“被充满了…”和“被覆盖着…”

The room is filled with smoke. This bag is filled with rice.

The ground is covered with snow. The hill is covered with trees.

74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ;

a woman teacher / six women teachers a man cleaner / some men cleaners

被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数;被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。

2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词, 定语不再变复数。

3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / Teachers’ Day / Children’s Day / Nurses’ Day……

“复数 + ’s ” 作定语，译为“…的…”

4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此处“单数 + ’s ”作定语。

5and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers. 分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加 ’s，做主语时谓语用复数。而下一句： Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting. 两人

107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别：1It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真好。

解释：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me. 形容词在描述人而不是事，此情况下介词用的是of. 又如：

It’s very clever of you to do it in such a way. 你用那种方法做它可真太聪明了。(指人聪明)

2It’s easy for you to do the work. 对你来说做这事是容易的。

解释：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说You are easy. 而是”To do the work is easy”。不是说人，而是说事。此情况下介词用的是for. 又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain. 不是说“我们”是危险的，而是说“爬山”这件事是危险的。故用for.

108. take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为“拿”。

◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处。 Could you take the rubbish out when you leave?

◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。 Don’t forget to bring your homework here tomorrow.

◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。

如： When you go back to the classroom, please fetch me my pen.

—29—

◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向。 Tim is carrying a box.

109. 条件与祈使: 有时条件句可以与祈使句相互转换。注意以下句子结构有何不同。

1If you work hard, you will achieve your dream. 含条件句，相当于：

Work hard, and you will achieve your dream. 含祈使句，根据句意，用and连接后一句子。

2If you don’t listen carefully, you won’t understand it. 相当于：

Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it. 根据句意，用or (否则)连接后一句子。

110. in / on / at + 时间：1in three days (“…时间后”，常用一般将来时。另见92)

in September(in跟“月”) in 1998(in跟“年”) in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)

in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night (morning / afternoon / evening / night若无前置或后置修饰词时， 用in the …短语。) (in其它用法见58)

2on Christmas Eve; on October 1st; (on跟“日”)

on Sunday evenings; on a cold morning; on a windy night.

on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.

(morning / afternoon / evening / night若有前置或后置修饰词时，如以上划线词，

前面用的是on. 而若是early / late 修饰时，仍用介词in. 如：in an early morning )

on Fridays; on New Year’s Day; (另见92)

3at 6:00; at Christmas; at noon; at night

111. one day与someday / some day的区别：

1one day“某一天，有一天” 既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。

One day, a stranger came to my house. (指过去的一天，用过去时。)

I will achieve my dream one day. 某天我会实现梦想的。 (指将来，用将来时)

2someday = some day“ (将来的)某一天”用一般将来时。可以和one day互换。

We’ll beat them someday. 有朝一日我们会打败他们的。

I’m sure I can win someday. 我确信某天我会嬴。

112. missing与lost: 都可译为“丢失的，失踪的”

但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。

My pen is lost / missing. (表语) I’ve found the missing / lost book. (定语)

113.常见部分名词及其修饰词：1price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。

sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售. The price of the shoes is high / low.

2number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰：The number of the students is big.

3quality(质量，品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。

4population(人口)常用big / large和small修饰：China has a large population.

(以上词都不用many, much修饰。)

114.个别疑问句的常见否定回答：

1What is on the desk? →Nothing. (不用none)

2Who is in the classroom? → Nobody. (不用none)

3How much water is in the bottle? → None. (不用nothing)

How many people are in the room? →None. (不用nobody)

(how many / much都是对数量提问，所以用相应表数量的词none回答，

而what / who不表数量，故不用none回答)

115.fun的用法：fun虽然有时有形容词的含义，但大多情况下仍然是不可数名词。

所以大多仍具备名词的用法。识记以下句型或短语，也基本掌握了其用法。

What fun! 多么有趣啊!(what 跟名词) It’s such great fun. 这可真有趣。(such加名词)

Skating is great fun. 滑冰太有意思了。(be good / great fun)

have fun (in) doing sth 做某事很快乐 make fun of 取笑

It sounds like fun. 这听起来有趣。(like，“像”，加名词)

116.except / except for / besides: 都译为“除了…之外”

1except后面的人或物不包括在前面对象当中。 We all failed except him.

“我们都失败了，除了他。” 此话意味着他没有失败。“我们”不包括“他”。

2except for 说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正。

The book is good except for its price. 书很好，就是太贵。

He is an able man except for bad memory. 他是个有才能的人，就是记忆力差了点。

(这一短语有时也可等同于except以及besides.但暂不要求掌握。)

3besides和except正好相反，后面的人或物包含在前面对象当中。

We all succeeded besides him. 除了他成功外，我们也都成功了。“我们”当中包括“他”。

117.常见带to为介词而不是不定式的短语：

prefer…to…(见27); look forward to …(期待;渴望); pay attention to…(注意);

be used to …(习惯于，见37); (以上短语可接名词或代词，若接动词，需用ing形式)

the key to…(…的钥匙, …的答案, 后者等于the answer to); the ticket to…(…的票);

the solution to …(…的解决办法) reply to (….的答复); lead to …(引起…)

118.because与why的部分用法：若分别引导从句，即在It’s / That’s 等之后，则because后表原因，why后表结果。如： I came late today. It’s because the bus broke down on the way.

和下文比较：The bus broke down on the way. That’s why I came late.

—31—

又如：He broke my window, that’s why I was angry. 和下文比较：

I was angry with him, that’s because he broke my window.

119.no与not的区别：

◇no表“无，没有”接名词，等于not one, not a, not any:

There is no water in the river. (=not any water)

I have no book to read. (=I don’t have a book to read.)

◇no表“不许”，不可用not. 如： No parking. 禁止停车 No photos. 不许拍照

◇no表“不”，后接形容词或副词，相当于not (any).

He feels no worse.他不再感觉难受了。 =He doesn’t feel any worse.

类似，no more = not any more.

◇在对问题的否定回答时，要用no，与yes对应。不用not. 见122.

120. That’s all right / All right / That’s right. 的区别：

That’s all right. = That’s OK. “没什么，别客气”，是对对方道谢或道歉时的回答。

All right. = OK. “行，好，可以”，表示同意。

That’s right. = You are right. “你说的对;对”，表示认同对方的观点。

121.on表方式的用法(常译为“靠，借助”)：I hear music on the radio.

He learns English on TV. He found out the information on the Internet.

Tom learned the news on the newspaper. John saw Effel Tower on the film.

He told me the news on the phone. (注意：TV前无the.)

122.用yes与no回答时要注意的问题：说话人用yes或no回答对方时，并不表示对对方的观点的赞同或反对，而是在表达自己的看法。如下文几种情况：

He isn’t Tom. / He is Tom. Is he Tom? / Isn’t he Tom?

He is Tom, isn’t he? / He isn’t Tom, is he?

对以上各句的回答，若是：Yes, he is.则都指“他是Tom.”

而若用No, he isn’t.回答，则都指“他不是Tom.” 同样，以下所有句子：

Lucy likes music, doesn’t she? / Lucy doesn’t like music, does she?

Lucy likes music. / Lucy doesn’t like music.

Does Lucy like music? / Doesn’t Lucy like music?

回答人若用yes，都表示Lucy喜欢音乐; 若用no, 都表示Lucy 不喜欢音乐。