初中英语时态——现在完成时

　　英语语法作为我们初中英语学习的一个重点知识内容，它的牢固程度将影响着我们整个初中阶段的一个英语学习成绩，所以，对于孩子们来讲，掌握好英语语法非常重要。

　　初中英语时态——现在完成时

　　标志：have / has + 动词的过去分词

　　1. 表示一个过去发生并已完成的动作对现在产生影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况（表示“已完成”）。如：

　　He has left the city. （结果：他目前不在这个城市）

　　Someone has broken the window. （结果：窗户破了）

　　2. 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也可能还会继续持续下去（表示“未完成”）。

　　I have been busy since last week.

　　He has taught in our school for 30 years.

　　I’ve finished half so far.

　　注意 瞬间动词通常是不能用现在完成时表持续性的，但其否定结构则可以。如：

　　She hasn’t seen you for ages.

　　His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.

　　3. 表示过去到现在为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态，常与表示频度的副词always, often, every day等连用。如：

　　I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.

　　4. 在时间和条件状语从句中，现在完成时表示将来某时完成的动作。如：

　　I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

　　If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.

　　5. 与现在完成时连用的常见词语

　　能与现在完成时连用的词语很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常见的有：

　　1) since 自从

　　I have been there many times since the war.

　　We haven’t seen each other since last week.

　　We have been friends ever since.

　　2) in/for / during the past/last … years 在过去/最近…中

　　I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.

　　Great changes have taken place in the last ten years.

　　I have been here (for) the last/past month.

　　3) so far 到目前为止

　　We haven’t had any trouble so far.

　　So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.

　　4)  up to/until now 到现在为止

　　Up to now, he’s been quiet.

　　Up to now, the work has been easy.

　　I have heard nothing from him up till now.

　　Up till now, we have planted over 2000 trees.

　　5)  It is/will be the first/second … time that … 这是第一/二…次…

　　It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

　　It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.

　　It is the second time (that) I have met him today.

　　6)  This is + 形容词最高级 + that … 这是最…

　　This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

　　6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

　　1) 现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果，与现在有联系；

　　而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去，不涉及对现在的影响。如：

　　I have seen this film. （我已经看过了这部电影）

　　I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的这部电影）

　　2) 现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆没有时间状语；

　　而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。

　　3) 现在完成时表示持续时一般使用延续性动词（如live, teach, work, know等）；

　　而一般过去时常使用瞬间动词（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：

　　He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.

　　My grandfather bought the car five years ago.

　　7. 易错点辨析

　　1)  考生容易把一些瞬间动词用现在完成时表达，这是错误的。如：

　　(×) He has died for two years. 他死了两年了。

　　(√) He has been dead for two years.

　　(√) He died two years ago.

　　(×) The film has begun at 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。

　　(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.

　　(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.

　　(×) She has been married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。

　　(√) She has been married for three years.

　　(√) She married Mike three years ago.

　　2) 考生不懂如何区分have been to和have gone to，尽管两者均可后接地点，但have been to表示去过某地（现在已经回来了），have gone to表示到某地去了（现在还没回来）。如：

　　She has been to Paris (three times).

　　She has gone to Paris.