高中化学知识点:非金属氢化物
1、还原性: 4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O 4H++2Cl–+MnO2MN2++Cl2↑+2H2O 4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O 4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O 4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O 16H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2MN2++5Cl2↑+8H2O 6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O 6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O 14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O 14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O 2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2 2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存) 2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存) 2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O 2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O 3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O 5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O 5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2MN2++5S↓+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O 3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2O H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+++ 2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl NH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O NH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O 4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO) NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑(生氢剂) NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑ 4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑ 2、酸性: 4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量,玻璃雕刻) 4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑ 2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑ H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl(弱酸制强酸的典型反应) H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+ H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3 H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+ H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HCl H2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+ H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3(铅试纸检验空气中H2S) H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+ H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因) 2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑) 3、NH3的碱性: NH3+HX===NH4X(X:F、Cl、Br、I、S) NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+ 2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+ NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备小苏打,苏打) NH3+H2S==NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4++HS- 4、不稳定性: 2HFH2+F22HClH2+Cl22H2O2H2+O2 2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2SH2+S2NH3N2+3H2 2HIH2+I2