登录
使用您在本站的账号密码进行登录
注册
仅需花费几秒钟就可以完成注册啦~
*注册成功后将自动登录，建议第一时间修改默认密码~
使用您在本站的账号密码进行登录
仅需花费几秒钟就可以完成注册啦~
*注册成功后将自动登录，建议第一时间修改默认密码~
你是否曾在餐厅用餐时听到有人问：“这里有tissue吗？”或者在感冒时随手抓起一张napkin擦鼻涕？虽然napkin和tissue都是“纸巾”，但它们的用途和场景却大不相同。今天，我们就来彻底搞清楚napkin和tissue的区别，帮助你在日常生活中选对纸巾，避免尴尬！📋 一、napkin和tissue的核心区别定义与用途napkin：主要用于餐桌场景，用来擦拭嘴或手，保持用餐礼仪整洁。材质：可以是布料（如传统西餐布餐巾）或较厚的纸质（如一次性餐巾纸）。常见场景：家庭聚餐、正式宴会、快餐店等。例句：The waiter handed me a napkin after I spilled my soup.（服务员在我洒了汤后递给了我一张餐巾。）tissue：泛指日常使用的面巾纸，适合擦鼻涕、擦汗、清洁等多种用途。材质：通常为轻薄柔软的纸张，方便携带和使用。常见场景：感冒时、流汗时、厨房清洁、卫生需求等。例句：Can you pass me a tissue? My nose is running.（你能递给我一张纸巾吗？我流鼻涕了。）文化背景与习惯在西方国家，napkin更多与餐桌礼仪相关，而tissue则是日常清洁工具。在一些亚洲国家，人们可能不会严格区分两者，导致napkin和tissue被混用，尤其是在非正式场合。🌍 二、napkin和tissue的使用场景对比类别napkintissue材质布料或较厚纸质轻薄柔软纸质用途擦拭嘴或手，保持用餐整洁擦鼻涕、擦汗、日常清洁常见场景正式宴会、家庭聚餐、快餐店感冒时、流汗时、厨房清洁、卫生间是否可通用可有限替代（如用餐时用tissue应急）不建议用napkin代替tissue的其他功能🤔 三、napkin和tissue能否通用？有限通用场景在紧急情况下，tissue可以临时充当napkin（例如用餐时没有餐巾纸，可用面巾纸应急）。但在正式场合，用tissue代替napkin可能会显得不够礼貌，尤其是当napkin是布质时。不可通用场景napkin一般不适合用于擦鼻涕、清洁厨房或如厕后使用。尤其是布质napkin，直接用于擦鼻涕或其他卫生需求会显得非常不恰当。💡 四、如何正确选择napkin和tissue？根据场景选择如果是用餐场景，优先选择napkin，特别是正式场合。如果是日常清洁需求，选择tissue更为合适。根据材质选择如果需要耐用性（如擦拭油腻食物），选择较厚的纸质napkin。如果需要便携性（如随身携带），选择轻薄的tissue。📝 五、小贴士：napkin和tissue的文化趣闻在英国，napkin曾被称为“serviette”，但后来逐渐被napkin取代。在日本，人们习惯用小型湿巾（wet tissue）代替napkin清洁手部，尤其是在吃拉面或烧烤时。🌟 总结：napkin和tissue的区别napkin = 餐桌专用，注重礼仪和用餐整洁。tissue = 日常多功能，适合多种清洁需求。核心原则：根据场景和功能选择合适的纸巾，既能体现礼仪，又能满足实际需求！希望这篇文章能帮你彻底分清napkin和tissue，并在日常生活中选对纸巾！如果你还有其他疑问，随时告诉我哦～ 😊
不定代词在日常交流中非常有用，它们帮助我们指代不特定的人、事物或地点。本文我们将探讨不定代词是什么、它们的类型、如何使用它们以及应避免的常见错误。什么是不定代词？与指代特定人、地点或事物的定代词（例如“he”“this”“those”）不同，不定代词更为笼统。它们不指代特定的人、事物或地点，而是在主体未知、未指明或在语境中不重要时使用。例如：指代人：someone、anyone、everyone、no one指代事物：something、anything、everything、nothing指代地点：somewhere、anywhere、everywhere、nowhere定代词与不定代词定代词用于指代特定的、可识别的人、事物或地点。例如“he”“she”“this”“those”和“it”。而不定代词则用于指代非特定的实体，如上所述。以下是两者的一个快速比较：特征定代词不定代词特指性指代特定实体指代非特定实体指代的清晰度依赖语境自成一体且笼统例子he、she、this、thosesomeone、anything、everywhere语境用于特定情境用于一般或模糊情境使用情况主体已知时使用主体未知时使用句子中的使用She is coming to the meeting.Someone is waiting outside.常见不定代词的类型这些代词可以根据它们的用法进行分类：肯定不定代词用于肯定句中。例如：someone、something、somewhere例句：Someone left their book on the table.否定不定代词表示人、事物或地点的缺失。例如：no one、nothing、nowhere例句：There’s nothing in the fridge.泛指不定代词指代一个群体的所有成员。例如：everyone、everything、everywhere例句：Everyone enjoyed the party.非特定不定代词当没有必要指明主体时使用。例如：anyone、anything、anywhere例句：Does anyone have a pen?不定代词列表单数不定代词anybody、anyone、anything、each、either、everybody、everyone、everything、neither、nobody、no one、nothing、one、somebody、someone、something复数不定代词both、few、many、others、several根据语境可单数可复数的不定代词all、any、more、most、none、some复合不定代词anybody else、someone else、nobody else如何在英语中使用不定代词本节探讨如何使用这些代词。我们将讨论它们在句子中的位置、独特特征以及使用规则。位置这些代词可以在句子中的不同位置出现。以下是它们通常的用法：主语位置例句：Someone is calling.解释：代词“someone”充当句子的主语。宾语位置例句：He’s calling someone.解释：代词“someone”作为动词“calling”的宾语。独特特征不定代词与其他代词在几个方面有所不同：位置不变形与人称代词（例如“he”在用作宾语时变为“him”）不同，不定代词在主语和宾语位置上都保持相同的形式。被形容词修饰不定代词可以被形容词修饰，但这些形容词放在代词之后，而不是之前。例句：Would you like something else?解释：形容词“else”（意为“其他的”）修饰“something”。这是一个独特的特点，因为“else”专门与不定代词和疑问词搭配使用。使用不定代词的规则动词一致性单数不定代词（例如everyone、someone）使用单数动词。例句：Everyone is ready for the trip.复数不定代词（例如some、many）使用复数动词。例句：Many were excited about the event.不定代词的所有格形容词你可以使用复数所有格形容词“their”与单数不定代词搭配。例句：“Someone left their jacket on the chair.”（现代用法中正确）虽然传统的语法规则建议对像“someone”“everyone”和“anyone”这样的单数不定代词使用“his”或“her”，但现代英语越来越多地使用“their”作为这些代词的性别中性所有格形容词。这种用法避免了假设性别，并在当代英语中被广泛接受。否定句避免在否定不定代词中使用双重否定：错误：I don’t need no one’s help.这个句子包含双重否定。“don’t”和“no”共同构成了双重否定。在标准英语中，像这样使用两个否定词会形成令人困惑或不合语法的结构，因为这两个否定词在技术上相互抵消，使句子看起来像是你在说你需要帮助（尽管这并非你的本意）。正确：I need no one’s help.注意：“I don’t need anyone’s help”也是正确的。“anyone”是否定不定代词，但它并不构成双重否定。在英语中，当“anyone”和类似的代词（如“anything”和“anybody”）用于否定句时，它们只是表达某人或某物的缺乏或缺失。不定代词的常见错误使用复数动词与单数代词搭配错误：Everyone are here.正确：Everyone is here.否定代词与非特定代词混淆错误：I didn’t see nobody.正确：I didn’t see anybody.所有格形容词使用不一致较不推荐：Someone forgot his bag.较不推荐：Someone forgot her bag.正确：Someone forgot his or her bag.正确：Someone forgot their bag.（现代英语中更常见）不定代词例句以下是一些例句：Someone left their jacket on the chair.There isn’t anything to eat in the fridge.Everybody loves a good story.Did you see anyone at the park this morning?There’s nothing better than a warm cup of tea on a cold day.Everything in the store is on sale today!Nobody knew the answer to the difficult question.You can take anything you want from the bookshelf.Somebody knocked on the door, but they left before I could answer.Everything seemed perfect during the vacation.Anyone can join the meeting, regardless of their experience.Nothing will stop us from reaching our goals.Each of the students received a certificate for their hard work.There’s someone at the door who wants to speak with you.Many are called, but few are chosen.练习题用合适的词填空：__ called you while you were out. (someone/everyone)She doesn’t know __ about the incident. (anything/nothing)We can go __ you want. (anywhere/somewhere)__ left their umbrella in the hallway. (someone/no one)There’s __ we haven’t tried on the menu yet. (something/everything)答案→ Someone called you while you were out.→ She doesn’t know anything about the incident.→ We can go anywhere you want.→ Someone left their umbrella in the hallway.→ There’s something we haven’t tried on the menu yet.常见问题解答什么是不定代词？不定代词是可以替代名词而不具体指明所指的人、事物或数量的词。它们用于谈论一般或未知的实体。例如：Someone called you earlier.Nobody likes bad news.不定代词与其他代词有何不同？与指代特定人或事物的定代词或人称代词（例如he、she、they）不同，不定代词用于一般、未知或非特定的实体。例如：人称代词：“He is coming to the meeting.”不定代词：“Someone is coming to the meeting.”不定代词是如何分类的？不定代词通常根据它们的数进行分类：单数：指代一个人或事物的不定代词（例如anyone、each、nothing）。复数：指代多个人或事物（例如many、few、others）。单数或复数：根据语境可以是单数或复数（例如all、some、none）。不定代词在句子中的作用是什么？不定代词通过在特定细节不必要或未知时替代名词来简化语言。它们可以充当主语或宾语。它们有助于表达概括、不确定或抽象的概念。例如：Instead of：“A person called you earlier, but I don’t know which person.”– Use: “Someone called you earlier.”
你可能听说过英语有12种时态，或者有人告诉你有16种。那么英语到底有多少种时态呢？时态的定义在语言学中，时态是动词的一种形式，用来表示动作发生的时间。英语有两种基本的时态：现在时和过去时。现在时用来表示现在发生的动作或状态，过去时用来表示过去发生的动作或状态。例如：现在时：I work in an office.（我在办公室工作。）过去时：Yesterday, I worked late.（昨天，我工作到很晚。）将来时的特殊性将来时在英语中比较特殊。它不是通过动词本身的变形来表示的，而是需要借助情态动词“will”或“shall”。例如：I will work on the assignment tomorrow.（我明天会做作业。）由于这种特殊的表达方式，有些语言学家不把将来时算作独立的时态。但从教学和实际应用的角度来看，我们通常会把它当作一种时态来处理。12种时态的构成为了方便教学和学习，我们通常把英语的时态分为三大类：现在时、过去时和将来时。每种时态又可以和四种体（简单、进行、完成、完成进行）结合，从而形成12种时态。以下是各时态的构成公式及例句：时态构成公式例句现在简单时主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数形式）I work in an office.（我在办公室工作。）现在进行时主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing形式I am working on a project.（我正在做一个项目。）现在完成时主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词I have worked here for five years.（我在这里工作了五年。）现在完成进行时主语 + have/has been + 动词-ing形式I have been working on this task for hours.（我已经在这项任务上工作了好几个小时。）过去简单时主语 + 动词过去式Yesterday, I worked late.（昨天，我工作到很晚。）过去进行时主语 + was/were + 动词-ing形式At 3 PM yesterday, I was working on a report.（昨天下午3点，我正在写报告。）过去完成时主语 + had + 动词过去分词Before the meeting, I had finished my work.（会议之前，我已经完成了工作。）过去完成进行时主语 + had been + 动词-ing形式By 5 PM, I had been working for ten hours.（到下午5点，我已经工作了十个小时。）一般将来时主语 + will/shall + 动词原形I will work on the assignment tomorrow.（我明天会做作业。）将来进行时主语 + will/shall be + 动词-ing形式At this time tomorrow, I will be working.（明天这个时候，我将会在工作。）将来完成时主语 + will/shall have + 动词过去分词By next year, I will have completed my degree.（到明年，我将会完成我的学位。）将来完成进行时主语 + will/shall have been + 动词-ing形式In a month, I will have been working here for a year.（一个月后，我在这里工作就满一年了。）条件语气相关时态除了上述12种时态，还有一些与时态相关的语法结构，那就是条件语气。条件语气用于表示实现依赖于其他条件的事件。它通常由情态动词“would”与光杆不定式构成。条件语气也可以和各种时态结合，从而形成4种时态。以下是各时态的构成公式及例句：时态构成公式例句简单条件时态主语 + would + 动词原形If it rained, I would stay indoors.（如果下雨，我会待在室内。）条件进行时主语 + would be + 动词-ing形式If it were raining, I would be working from home.（如果正在下雨，我会在家工作。）条件完成时主语 + would have + 动词过去分词If I had known, I would have attended the meeting.（如果我知道了，我会去参加会议。）条件完成进行时主语 + would have been + 动词-ing形式If it had been raining, I would have been working inside.（如果当时在下雨，我会在里面工作。）16种时态总结综合考虑上述内容，我们可以得出英语有16种时态。以下是这16种时态在不同体或语气下的现在、过去、将来、条件形式的总结：体/语气现在过去将来条件简单体I walkI walkedI will walkI would walk进行体I am walkingI was walkingI will be walkingI would be walking完成体I have walkedI had walkedI will have walkedI would have walked完成进行体I have been walkingI had been walkingI will have been walkingI would have been walking总结英语时态的数量取决于我们如何定义时态。从语言学的角度来看，英语只有两种时态：现在时和过去时。但从教学和实际应用的角度来看，我们通常会把英语的时态分为12种或16种。无论我们如何定义时态的数量，重要的是要理解时态在英语语法结构中的作用，以及如何正确使用它们来表达不同的时间关系。
1. 环境与节俭1. 保护环境是我们的责任。 It's our duty to protect our environment. 2. 爱护我们的环境是非常重要的。 It is very important to take care of our environment 3. 我们不应该把垃圾倒在地上。 We should not throw litter onto the ground. 4. 我们不应该在公共场所吐痰。 We should not spit in a public place. 5. 我们应该种植更多的花和树。 We should plant more flowers and trees. 6. 我们必须捡起一些垃圾，扔进垃圾箱。 We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin. 7. 如果每个人都对保护环境作出贡献，世界将变得更加美丽。 If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 8. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. 9. 我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。 We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 10. 越来越多的人已经意识到保护环境是非常重要的。 More and more people have realized that protecting environment is very important. 11. 保护环境是我们的义务。 It is our duty to protect environment 12. 让我们谈谈怎样解决这些问题。 Let’s talk about how to solve these problems. 13. 我们应该停止使用塑料袋购物。 We should stop using plastic bags when we go shopping. 14. 我们应该节约用电，当离开房间的时候，最好把灯关上。 We should save electricity, we’d better turn off lights when we leave a room. 15. 我们不应该浪费食物。 We shouldn’t waste our food. 16. 节约用水也很重要。 Saving water is also important. 17. 洗头发时应该把淋浴器关上。 We should turn off the shower while we are washing hair 18. 购物时应该带自己的包。 We should take our own bags when we go shopping. 19. 我们应该节约纸巾和餐巾纸，以便阻止更多的树木被砍伐。 We should save paper towels and napkins so that we can stop more trees from being cut down. 20. 我们还可以回收书本和纸张。 We can also recycle books and paper. 2. 城市变化1. 在过去的十年里，我们的城市发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in our city in the past 10 years. 2. 我们的城市过去很小，不像现在这样美丽。 Our city used to be small and it wasn’t as beautiful as it is now. 3. 以前我们的城市只有几条街道，但现在有这么多宽阔的街道和这么多现代化的商店。 There were only several streets in our city, but now there are so many wide streets and modern shops. 4. 在过去，人们住在又小又矮的房子里。现在我们大多数人都住在高楼大厦里明亮的公寓里。 In the past, people lived in small, low houses. Now most of us live in bright flats in tall buildings. 5. 人们过去骑自行车或乘公共汽车出去，但现在越来越多的人有自己的汽车。 People used to go out by bike or by bus, but now more and more people have their own cars. 6. 我们的城市有一些美丽的公园。我们在城里种了越来越多的花和树。 There are some beautiful parks in our city. We have planted more and more flowers and trees in the city. 3．旅游1. 上周日天气晴朗。 It was sunny last Sunday. 2. 我起得很早。早餐后，我和我的朋友一起乘火车去了北京。 I got up very early. After breakfast I went to Beijing with my friends by train. 3. 我们玩得很高兴。 We enjoyed ourselves. 4. 我们忘记了时间。一直玩到直到5点才回来。 We forgot the time. We didn't come back until 5 o'clock. 5. 虽然很累，但我们都玩得很开心。 We all felt very tired, but we were happy. 6. 我想我永远不会忘记这次旅行。 I thought I would never forget this trip. 7. 去年夏天，我和我的父母去了北京度假。 Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays. 8. 我们参观了很多有意思的地方。 We visited a lot of places of interest. 9. 我们在那儿度过了一段美好的时光。 We had a good time there. 10. 这是一个旅游的好地方。 It is a good place to visit. 11. 这是一个群山环绕的村落。 It is a village with mountains around it. 12. 这个村庄美如画。 This village is as beautiful as a picture. 13. 我们可以在这里欣赏大自然的美。 We can enjoy the beauty of nature here. 14. 每年，世界各地的游客都到这来参观。 Visitors from all over the world come to visit it every year. 15. 这的确是一次不同寻常的经历。 This is really an unusual experience. 16. 这是一个放松的好地方。 It is a nice place to relax. 17. 祝你旅途愉快。 Wish you have a good trip. 18. 我相信这个城市将来还会变得更好。 I am sure this city will become even better in the future. 19. 星期六早上 8 点在校门口集中。 We’ll meet at the school gate at 8 am on Sunday. 20. 我带你参观名胜古迹。 I’ll show you around some places of interest. 21. 不准拍照，禁止大声喧哗。 Don’t take photos. We mustn’t talk loudly. 4．比赛1. 上周日,一班与二班开展了一场足球比赛。 Last Sunday, Class One had a football match with Class Two. 2. 我们所有人都去看了这场比赛。 All of us went to watch it. 3. 比赛非常激动人心。 The match was very exciting. 4. 事实上,我从来没有见过如此激动人心的比赛。 In fact, I have never seen such an exciting match before. 5. 我们队在最后15分钟进了三个球。 Our team scored three goals in the last fifteen minutes. 6. 一班赢了这场比赛。二班输了。 Class One won this match. Class Two lost. 7. 一班踢得很好。他们应该赢。 Class One played well. They deserved to win. 8. 他们的体育老师对他们的表现非常满意。 Their PE teacher was very pleased with their performance. 9. 我们有丰富多彩的课外活动。 There are many kinds of colorful activities. 5．运动与健康1. 保持健康是非常重要的。 It is very important to keep healthy. 2. 我们怎样才能保持健康? How can we keep healthy？ 3. 我们不能太晚睡。我们不能太晚起床。 We can't go to sleep too late. We can't get up too late. 4. 我认为锻炼很有用。 I think exercising is very helpful。 5. 我们应该多做运动。 We should do more exercise. 6. 上周二我感冒了,头很痛。 Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head. 7. 我什么都不想吃。 I didn't feel like eating anything. 8. 我决定去看医生。 I decided to see the doctor. 9. 在医生办公室里，医生仔细地为我做了检查。 In the doctor's office, the doctor looks over me carefully. 10. 他说：“没什么大问题。”另外嘱咐我休息一下,多喝点水。 He said: "Nothing serious. " And he told me to take a rest and drink more water. 11. 一名护士给我打了一针。有点痛。 A nurse gave me an injection. It was a little painful. 12. 医生让我一天吃三次药。 The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day. 13. 几天以后，我感觉好多了。从那以后，我相信保持健康是世界上最重要的事情。 A few days later, I felt better. From then on, I believe that keeping healthy is the most important thing in the world. 14. 你应该经常运动并且每天确保8个小时的睡眠。 You should often play sports and make sure you have at least 8 hours’ sleep every day. 15. 吸烟能导致很多疾病，比如肺癌等等。 Smoking can cause many kinds of illnesses, such as lung cancer. 16. 很多人没有意识到它的重要性。 Many people did not realize its importance. 17. 我们希望以后你会变得越来越强壮和健康。 We hope that you will be stronger and healthier in the future。 18. 如果你想身体健康，就必须多吃水果和蔬菜。 If you want to be strong and healthy, you must eat more fruit and vegetables. 19. 你不应该熬夜。 You shouldn’t stay up. 20. 饮食均衡是重要的。 It’s important to eat a balanced diet. 21. 你应该通过锻炼来保持健康。 You should exercise to stay fit. 22. 你应该吃水果蔬菜并喝大量的水。 You should eat fruit and vegetables and drink lots of water. 23. 你也应该听音乐放松。 You should also listen to music to relax. 24. 吃太多的垃圾食品容易生病。 You’re easy to be ill if you eat too much junk food. 25. 不要有压力。 Don’t get stressed out. 6. 学科1. 我最喜欢的科目是英语。 My favorite subject is English. 2. 学英语对于我们每个人来说都是重要的，因为在互联网上超过四分之三的信息是英语。 It is important for everyone to study English because more than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. 3. 全世界的游客和商人都在使用英语。 It is used by travelers and businesspeople all over the world. 4. 中国已经加入世贸组织，亚运会将在中国举行。英语变得越来越重要。 China has joined the WTO and the Asian Games will be held in China. English becomes more and more useful. 5. 所以，英语非常重要，我非常喜欢英语。 So English is very important, and I like English very much. 6. 在英语课上我们有很多的乐趣。 We have a lot of fun in the English class. 7. 我们的英语老师总是使得我们在英语课上很开心。 Our English teacher often makes us happy in the English class. 8. 我希望有一天我能出国，然后我能用外国人说英语。 I hope I can go abroad one day, and then I can speak to foreigners in English. 9. 我喜欢英语，我会尽力学好英语。 I like English and try my best to learn it. 7. 节日1. 在中国，最重要的节日是春节。 In China, the most important holiday is the Spring Festival. 2. 它是在一月或者二月。 It comes in January or February. 3. 在春节前夕，人们会吃一顿大餐。人们吃很多美食。 On the Spring Festival Eve people have a big dinner. They have a lot of nice food to eat. 4. 春节期间，人们有很多有意思的事情要做。 During the Spring Festival people have a lot of interesting things to do. 5. 人们拜访他们的亲戚和朋友。 People visit their relatives and friends. 6. 他们互相拥抱问候，说“新年快乐！”。 They greet each other with a hug and say, "Happy New Year!". 7. 中国是一个大国，人们在不同的地方以不同的方式庆祝这个节日。 As China is a big country, people in different places celebrate this holiday in different ways. 8. 写人1. 他的名字是杰克。 His name is Jack. 2. 他1982年出生在伦敦。 He was born in London in 1982. 3. 他身高一米六八，重52公斤。 He is 1. 68 meters tall and weighs 52 kilos. 4. 他二十岁。 He is 20 years old. 5. 他来自英格兰。 He comes from England. 6. 他是一个优秀的乒乓球运动员。 He is a good ping-pong player. 7. 他中等身材。 He is of medium build. 8. 他留着短发。 He has short hair. 9. 他性格外向。每个人都喜欢跟他说话。他和我们相处得很好。 He is outgoing. Everyone likes to talk with him. He gets on well with us. 10. 他英语教得非常好。 He teaches English very well. 11. 他工作很努力。他在第五中学工作。 He works very hard. He works in No. 5 Middle School. 12. 他下班后喜欢看足球比赛。 He loves watching football games after work. 13. 他经常帮助我学习英语。 He often helps me with my English. 14. 他六岁时，开始打乒乓球。 At the age of six, he began to play table tennis. 15. 海伦是我见过的最美丽的女孩。 Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen。 16. 我出生在一个医生的家庭。 I was born in a doctor’s family. 17. 她有着长长的黑色头发和一双漂亮的大眼睛。 She has long black hair and two nice big eyes. 18. 她的性格非常外向。 She is quite outgoing. 19. 我们将会永远记住他. He will be remembered forever. 20. 总之，我们应该向他学习。 To sum up, we should learn from him. 21. 我们为他而自豪。 We are proud of him. 22. 他高大强壮，戴一副眼镜。 He is tall and strong. He often wears a pair of glasses. 23. 她外向/随和/风趣/活跃/可爱/聪明/有创造力。 She is outgoing/easygoing/funny/active/lovely/smart/creative. 24. 他聪明活泼。 He is a bright and lively boy. 25. 他受人欢迎。 He is popular with everyone. 26. 他对人礼貌。 He is polite to others. 27. 我将来想成为一名艺术家/科学家/音乐家。 I want to be an artist/a scientist/a musician in the future. 28. 我喜欢看书、聊天和放风筝。 I like reading, chatting with friends and flying kites. 29. 我积极参加运动，对足球/篮球感兴趣。 I take an active part in sports. I am interested in soccer / basketball. 30. 我有很多爱好，尤其擅长英语和画画。 I have lots of hobbies, I am good at English and drawing in particular. 31. 我们彼此相处融洽。 We get along well with each other. 32. 我对人友好，乐于助人。 I am friendly to others. I am ready to help others. 33. 我对自己要求严格，学习勤奋。 I am strict with myself. I am hard-working. 9. 兴趣/喜好1. 听音乐能使我们感到放松。 Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 2. 夏天很炎热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 Summer is hot. That is the reason why I don't like it. 3. 空余时间里，我常常去图书馆看书。 In my spare time, I often go to the library to read books. 4. 看书是我的兴趣之一。 One of my hobbies is reading. 5. 我爱我的学校，因为它就像是一个大家庭。 I love my school because it is like a big family. 6. 周日空闲的时候，我喜欢看看书。 I like to do some reading when I am free on Sunday. 7. 晚上的时候，我可以上网或者看电视。 I can surf the Internet or watch TV at night 8. 我会到山上或海边去旅行，因为我想享受大自然的美丽。 I will have a trip to the mountains or to the sea because I want to enjoy the beauty of the nature. 9. 我有很多爱好，比如唱歌，阅读，打篮球等等。 I have a lot of hobbies like singing, reading, playing basketball and so on. 10. 我的爱好使我感到放松，也使我的生活更加丰富多彩。 My hobbies make me feel relaxed and make my life more colorful. 10. 诉说烦恼1. 我不被允许看电视，上网或听我最喜欢的音乐。 I am not allowed to watch TV, surf the Internet or listen to my favorite music. 2. 我希望你能给我一些有用的建议。 I hope you can give me some useful advice. 3. 我经常熬夜做作业，（所以）上课时感到困倦。 I often stay up late doing my homework and feel sleepy in class. 4. 我没有足够的时间做我自己的事情。 I don’t have enough time to do my own things. 5. 一些学生会告诉他们的老师或父母他们的问题。 Some students will tell their teachers or parents about their problems. 6. 当我们遇到麻烦时，我认为我们最好向我们的老师，父母和朋友寻求帮助。 I think we’d better ask our teachers, parents and friends for help when we are in trouble. 11. 网络1. 我们可以在网上查阅资料。 We can search the information on internet. 2. 网上购物、交友在现在的年轻人当中越来越流行了。 It is getting more and more popular to shop and make friends online for the young people nowadays. 3. 我认为这非常方便，能帮我们节省很多时间和钱。 It is convenient, and it can save us much time and money. 4. 这使得我的父母非常生气。 This made my parents very angry. 12. 安全1. 夜间不要在外逗留得太晚。 Don’t stay too late outside at night. 2. 未经许可不要独自去任何地方。 Don’t go anywhere alone without permission. 3. 慌慌张张过马路容易发生事故。 You’re easy to have an accident if you cross the road in a hurry. 4. 上下车时注意安全，不要推挤。 Be careful when getting on and getting off the bus. Don’t push others. 5. 上学的路上注意安全，过马路时要看红绿灯。 Be careful on the way to school. Be sure to look at the traffic lights when crossing the road. 6. 遇到麻烦时应互相帮助。 We should help each other when we’re in trouble. 13. 学校/校园生活1. 我的学校里种了许多花，它看起来像一个美丽的花园。 There are many flowers in my school and it looks like a beautiful garden. 2. 我希望我们学校能有一个大图书馆，里面有很多漂亮的书和杂志。 I hope our school can have a big library and it has a lot of nice book or magazines in it. 3. 我希望我们学校可以组织更多的课外活动，我们可以有更多的时间去参与运动，艺术或音乐活动。 I hope our school can organize more after-class activities, and we can have more time for sports, art or music. 4. 我建议学校减少考试。 I suggest our school should have fewer exams. 5. 我希望我们的老师能和我们成为朋友，把我们的课堂变得更生动，那么我们对学习也会更感兴趣。 I hope our teachers will be our friends and make our class livelier, then we will be more interested in studying. 14. 用手机的问题1. 许多父母允许他们的孩子使用手机。 Many parents allow their children to use mobile phones. 2. 手机在我们的日常生活中起着重要的作用。 The mobile phones play an important part in our daily life. 3. 它们（收集）对我们也有不好的影响。 They also have a bad influence on us. 4. 他们认为学生带手机是不好的。因为学生们会用手机玩游戏，发短信，看电影等。 They think it is bad for students to bring a mobile phone because the students will use mobile phones to play games, sent messages, watch movies and so on. 15. 与父母的沟通1. 我的父母认为我没有必要花很多时间在我的爱好上。 My parents don’t think it is necessary for me to spend much time on my hobbies. 2. 他们认为把时间花在业余爱好上会对我的学习产生不好的影响。 They think spending time on hobbies will have a bad influence on my study. 3. 如果你有不同的想法，你可以告诉她你是怎么想的，并听一听她的看法。 If you have different ideas, you can tell her what you are thinking about and listen to hers. 4. 如果她不接受你的建议，就保持沉默，给她一个微笑。 If she doesn't take your advice, just keep silent and give her a smile. 16. 好友、亲情与感恩1. 我非常感谢我的朋友xxx I am very thankful to my friend xxx. 2. 多亏了他们的帮助，在过去的三年里我取得了很大的进步。 Thanks to their help/ with their help, I have made much progress in the past three years. 3. 他们辅导我学习。 They helped me with my studies. 4. 当我遇到麻烦的时候，他们总是告诉我该怎么做。 They will always tell me what to do when I am in trouble. 5. 他们一直到我晚上写完作业才去睡觉。 They won’t go to bed until I finish my homework in the night. 6. 我们总是互相帮助。 We always help each other. 7. 谢谢你这么用心地教我们，我从你那里学到了很多。 Thank you for teaching us so well, I have learnt a lot from you. 8. 虽然有时我们让你生气，但你总是在学习上帮助我们。 Though sometimes we made you angry, you always help us with our studies. 9. 在我心中，你是最好的老师，你总是能带动课堂的氛围。 You are one of the best teachers in my heart, you can always make your class lively. 10. 你给了我们很好的建议，你不仅是我的老师，更是我最好的朋友。 You give us good advice; you are not only my teacher but also my best friends. 17. 写信常用句1. 我对此感到非常难受。 I feel sad about it. 2. 我认为当我们遇到困难的时候，我们应该向我们的老师，父母或者同学寻求帮助。 In my opinion, when in trouble, we should ask our teachers, parents or classmates for help. 3. 你可以和你的朋友分享你所有的快乐和悲伤。 You can share your everything including happiness and sadness with your friends. 4. 听说您生病我很难过。 I am sorry to hear that you are ill. 5. 期盼收到你的来信。 I am looking forward to hearing from you. 6. 时光飞逝。 How time flies! 7. 我祝你将来有一个健康快乐的生活! I wish you a healthy and happy life in the future! 8. 你看上去很担心在那里的生活。 It seems you are worried about living there. 9. 愈努力，愈进步。 The harder you work, the more progress you make. 18. 句首短语1. 一方面……，另一方面……（用在两方面时） On one hand … On the other hand … 2. 首先……，其次……，第三……，最后……（用在多个方面时） First of all … Secondly … Thirdly … Finally … 3. 我认为…… In my opinion, … 4. 事实上…… In fact, … 5. 当然…… Of course, … 6. 然而…… However, … 7. 最为重要的是…… Most important of all, … 8. 总之…… All in all, … 9. 这幅图画展示的是…… The pictures show us that … 10. 从这个图表中我们可以看到很多重要的变化。 We can find many important changes from this graph. 19. 其他1. 去年，我在一所小学做志愿者教师。 Last year, I volunteered at a primary school. 2. 违法的人应该受处罚。 Those who break the law should be punished。 3. 我们应该养成预习和复习的习惯。 We should get into the habit of previewing and reviewing. 4. 我认为中国的父母对他们的孩子太严格了。 In my opinion, Chinese parents are too strict with their children. 5. 记住要遵守交通规则。 Remember to obey traffic rules. 6. 作为一个学生，我们应该举止文明。 As a student, we should behave well. 7. 多么可怕啊！ How terrible! 8. 让我们从现在起尽最大的努力保护动物。 Let’s try our best to protect animals from now on. 9. 希望有一天我能实现我的梦想。 I hope my dream can come true one day. 10. 我学会了如何面对困难，还学会了如何和朋友相处。 I learnt how to face difficulties and I also learnt how to get on well with friends. 11. 这些东西颜色鲜艳，味道鲜美。。 They are good in color and taste. 12. 这些东西都物美价廉。 All of them are nice and cheap. 13. 我想做一名志愿者，去帮助那些需要帮助的人。 I want to be a volunteer to help those who need help. 20. 名言警句1. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 2. Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 3. Easier said than done. 说来容易做来难。 4. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 5. Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 6. Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 7. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。 8. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 心之所愿，无事不成。 9. It’s never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 10. No pains, no gains. 不劳无获。 11. Once in a blue moon. 千载难逢。 12. To make the impossible possible. 将不可能变为可能。 13. Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 14. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 15. First things first. 先做重要之事。 16. Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。 17. Rome was not built in a day. 成功并非一朝一夕的事。 18. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。 19. East or west, home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。 20. Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人。 21. There is but a secret to success–never give up!成功只有一个秘诀——永不放弃！ 22. Where there is life, there is hope. 有生命必有希望。 23. Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。 24. Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。 25. Every little helps. 点滴都有用/积少成多。 26. The shortest answer is doing. 最简短的回答就是行动。 27. No news is good news. 没消息，就是好消息。 28. Well begun, half done. 好的开始是成功的一半。 29. All for one, one for all. 人人为我，我为人人。 30. One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬以千里。 31. Facts speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 32. As the tree, so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 33. To live is to learn; to learn is to better live. 活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。 34. Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。 35. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只学习不玩耍聪明的孩子也变傻。
2012至2022年上海各区中考一二模卷 包含答案和解析这是上海地区的中考模拟考卷，其他地区也可以看看，知识都是相通的。资源来自网络 ZIP文件包含了所有的文件 完全解压后约160MB(2012~2020年)我用夸克网盘分享了「上海市中考数学 · 一二模卷（2012年-2022年）.zip」，点击链接即可保存。打开「夸克APP」，无需下载在线播放视频，畅享原画5倍速，支持电视投屏。[download title="2012至2022年上海各区中考一二模卷 包含答案和解析" desc="这是上海地区的中考模拟考卷，其他地区也可以看看，知识都是相通的。" url="https://pan.quark.cn/s/aa4300b437db" name="上海市中考一二模卷（2012年-2022年）.zip size="160MB"]
UNIT 1weigh /weɪ/： 有……重；重kilogram /ˈkɪləgræm/： 千克；公斤（缩写为kg）centimetre /ˈsentɪmi:tə(r)/： 厘米（缩写为cm）taller /tɔ:lə/： 更高的，tall的比较级fan /fæn/： （足球、电影等）迷；爱好者，如music fanfantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/： adj. 极好的；了不起的；难以置信的themselves /ðəmˈselvz/： they的反身形式，意思是他们自己、她们自己、它们自己；也用来强调主语they，例如 They themselves haven't been to Harbin. 他们自己也没去过尔滨（对，就是“尔滨”）。theatre /ˈθiətə/： n.剧院go fishing /ɡəu ˈfɪʃɪŋ/： 去钓鱼enjoy oneself /inˈdʒɔi wʌnˈself/： 玩的愉快；得到乐趣get…in /ɡet in/： 收割UNIT 2life /laɪf/： 生活writer /ˈraɪtə(r)/： 作家photographer /ˈfəʊtəgrɑ:f/： 摄影师film /fɪlm/： 胶卷；电影；影片digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/： 数码的，如digital TV 数字电视street cleaner /stri:t ˈkli:nə(r)/： 环卫工人sweep /swi:p/： 扫地broom /bru:m/： 扫帚，过去式和过去分词是sweptdrive /draɪv/： 开（车），驾驶street sweeper /stri:t ˈswi:pə/： 扫地车wife /waɪf/： 妻子poor /pɔ:(r)/： 贫穷的；差的；次的fairy /feə(r)/： 仙子；小精灵wish /wɪʃ/： 愿望；祝愿by hand /bai hænd/： 用手right away /rait əˈwei/： 立即；马上in a short time /in ə ʃɔ:t taim/： 很快UNIT 3carry /ˈkæri/： 背；扛；抱；抬；搬；载online /laɪn/： 在线地；在线的head teacher /hed ˈti:tʃə/： 校长PS （信末）附言，又及- PS, don't forget to bring your raincoat! - PS, Max send his love to you.mountain /ˈmaʊntən/： （高）山，山岳；山脉，比hill更高大的山even /ˈi:vn/： 甚至space /speɪs/： 太空dinosaur /ˈdaɪnəsɔ:(r)/： 恐龙a piece/pi:s/ of： 一张；一片。a piece of paper 一张纸have a picnic /ˈpɪknɪk/： 去野餐better and better /ˈbetə(r)/： 越来越好UNIT 4oil /ɔɪl/： 油oil painting /ɔɪl ˈpeɪntɪŋ/： 油画powerful /ˈpaʊəfl/： 强有力的；力量强大的ink /ɪŋk/： 墨水；墨汁Chinese ink painting 中国水墨画brush /brʌʃ/： 画笔；刷子；刷paints /peɪnts/： 绘画颜料artist /ˈɑ:tɪst/： 艺术家；（尤指）画家unhappy /ʌnˈhæpi/： 不高兴的carefully /'keəfəlɪ/： 仔细地on the left /ɔn ðə left/： 在左边**on the right 在右边all the time /ɔ:l ðə taim/： 一直；始终UNIT 5craft /krɑ:ft/： （尤指制作东西的）工艺，手艺；技术crown /kraʊn/： 王冠；皇冠scissors /ˈsɪzəz/： 剪刀。去掉末尾的s就是形容词scissor，剪刀的，剪刀似的tape /teɪp/： 胶带；磁带；录音带；录像带glue /glu:/： 胶水saw /sɔ:/： 锯**craftman 工匠；手艺人（复数 craftmen）tool /tu:l/： 工具easily /ˈi:zəli/： 容易地himself /hɪmˈself/： 他自己still /stɪl/： 仍然model house： 房子模型；样板房a long time ago /ə lɔŋ taim əˈɡəu/： 很久以前，相似的还有long long agoat work /æt wə:k/： 忙着（做事情）say to oneself /sei tu: wʌnˈself/： 自言自语。He said to himself.UNIT 6long race /lɒŋ reɪs/： 长跑short race /ʃɔ:t reɪs/： 短跑win /wɪn/： 获胜；赢long jump /lɒŋ dʒʌmp/： 跳远high jump /haɪ dʒʌmp/： 跳高swimsuit /ˈswɪmsu:t/： 游泳衣（尤指女式）swimming cap /ˈswɪmɪŋ kæp/： 游泳帽swimming pool /ˈswɪmɪŋ pu:l/： 游泳池warm-up /ˈwɔ:mˌʌp/： 准备活动；热身练习fit /fɪt/： 健壮的swimming goggles /ˈswɪmɪŋ ˈgɒglz/： 游泳镜UNIT 7bell /bel/： 铃铛neck /nek/： 脖子ago /əˈgəʊ/： 以前gatekeeper /ˈgeɪtki:pə(r)/： 门卫praise /preɪz/： 赞扬；称赞**praise …for… 因……而表扬……UNIT 8sign /saɪn/： 标识middle /ˈmɪdl/： 中间；中部；中心special /ˈspeʃl/： 特别的path /pɑ:θ/： 小路；小径may /meɪ/： 可能；可以**lost lɒst/： 迷路的；迷失的worry /ˈwʌri/： 担心follow /ˈfɒləʊ/： 跟随；跟着in the middle /in ðə ˈmidl/： 在中间look out /luk aut/： 小心；当心**no smoking 禁止吸烟**no swimming 禁止游泳get lost /ɡet lɔ:st/： 迷路some time /sʌm taim/： 一段时间on the way /ɔn ðə wei/： 在路上UNIT 9reuse /ˌri:ˈju:z/： 重新利用can /kæn/： 金属罐rubber /ˈrʌbə(r)/： 橡皮vase /vɑ:z/： 花瓶pen holder /pen ˈhəʊldə(r)/： 笔筒envelope /ˈenvələʊp/： 信封plastic /ˈplæstɪk/： 塑料制的；塑料的rubbish bin /ˈrʌbɪʃ bɪn/： 垃圾桶truck /trʌk/： 卡车piece /pi:s/： 碎片；碎块cloth /klɒθ/： 布；布料throw away /θrəʊ əˈweɪ/： 扔掉UNIT 10fairy table /feə(r) ˈteɪbl/： 童话（故事）adult /ˈædʌlt/： 成年人well-known /'wel'nəʊn/： 众所周知的；著名的stronger /strɒŋgə(r)/： 更强大的than /ðən/： 比scarf /skɑ:f/： 围巾（复数 scarfs或 scarves）blow off /bləu ɔf/： 吹掉take off /teik ɔf/： 脱掉UNIT 11Western /ˈwestən/： 西方的turkey /ˈtɜ:ki/： 火鸡bright /braɪt/： 明亮的；鲜艳的laugh at /lɑ:f ət/： 嘲笑jack-o’-lantern /dʒæk'əʊl'æntən/： 南瓜灯UNIT 12pea /pi:/： 豌豆pod /pɒd/： 豆荚forever /fərˈevə(r)/： 永远bigger /bɪgə/： 更大的excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/： 兴奋的bullet /ˈbʊlɪt/： 子弹lazy /ˈleɪzi/： 懒惰的roof /ru:f/： 屋顶yard /jɑ:d/： 院子hit /hɪt/： 碰撞；撞击see the world /si: ðə wɜː(r)ld/： 见世面one by one /wʌn bai wʌn/： 一个接一个地look out of 往外看
Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?词语辨析take a photo/ take photos 拍照quite a few+名词复数 “许多…”seem + 形容词 看起来…... eg. You seem happy today. seem + to do sth. 似乎/好像做某事 eg. I seem to have a cold. It seems + 从句 似乎..…. eg. It seems that no one believe you. seem like ... 好像，似乎….. eg. It seems like a good idea.arrive in +大地点= get to= reach+地点名 到达...... arrive at +小地点 若后跟地点副词here/there/home, 介词需省略，如：arrive here; get homefeel like sth 感觉像… feel doing sth. 想要做某事wonder(想知道)+疑问词(who, what, why)引导的从句。because of +名/代/V-ing because+从句 He can't take a walk because of the rain. I didn't buy the shirt because it was too expensive.enough +名词 足够的…... 形容词/副词+enough重点短语 1. buy sth for ab./ buy sb. sth 为某人买某物 2. taste + adj. 尝起来…… 3. nothing...but + V.(原形) 除了……之外什么都没有 4. seem + (to be) + adj 看起来 5. arrive in + 大地方 / arrive at + 小地方 到达某地 6. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 7. try doing sth. 尝试做某事 / try to do sth. 尽力做某事 8. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 9. want to do sth. 想去做某事 10. start doing sth. 开始做某事 = begin doing sth. 11. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 区分：stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 12. dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事 14. so + adj + that + 从句 如此……以至于…… 16. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人(不要) 做某事 17. keep doing sth. 继续做某事 18. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 / forget doing sth 忘记做过某事Unit2 How often do you exercise?词语辨析maybe / may bemaybe 是副词，意为“大概， 可能，或许”，一般用于句首。 May be是情态动词，意为“可能是...，也许是...，大概是...”. The baby is crying. Maybe she is hungry. The woman may be a teacher.a few / few / alittle / littlea few (少数的，几个，一些)a little (一点儿，少量)表示肯定few (很少的，几乎没有的)little (很少的，几乎没有的)表示否定修饰可数名词修饰不可数名词 People can live to 100, butfew people can live to 150. There is little timeleft. I won’t catch the first bus. Could you give me a little milk?hard / hardly hard作形容词，意为“困难的，艰苦的，硬的”;作副词，意为“努力地，猛烈地”。hardly为副词，意为“几乎不”。 - *The ground is too hard to dig.* - *I can hardly understand them.* - *It’s raining hard. People can hardly go outside.* As for homework, most students do homework every day. as for...意思是“至于;关于”，+名词、代词或动词的-ing形式(即动名词)。 如： As for him，I never want to see him here.至于他，我永远不希望在这里见到。 As for the story，you'd better not believe it.关于那故事，你最好不要相信。That sounds interesting. 这是“主语+系动词+表语”结构的简单句。 sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝起来)，feel(觉得)，seem(好象)，grow(变得),get(变得)等词在英语中可用作系动词，后跟形容词作表语。 如：It tastes good. 这味道好。The music sounds very sweet. 这音乐听起来很入耳。The smoke grew heavier and heavier. 烟雾变得越来越浓了。percent 名词，意为“百分之……” 百分数的表示方法：基数+ percent (不用复数形式)，percent做主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其后面的名词来确定。 50%：fifty percent 百分之五十 Fifty percent of the apples are bad. 50%的苹果都坏了。 Twenty percent of the meat is inthe fridge. 20%的肉都在冰箱not… at all 意为“一点也不”，not应放在be动词、情态动词或助动词之后。 The story isn’t interesting at all. 那个故事一点也没有趣。It is + adj. to do sth. 做某事是……的。 It is interesting to play computer games. 玩电脑很有趣。take, spend, pay It takes sb. some time to do sth.意为“花费某人……时间来做某事”。 人(sb.) spend 时间/钱 on sth. “买某物花了……钱”。 人(sb.) spend 时间/钱 (in) doing“花费多少时间来做某事”。 pay 的主语必须是人，而“花钱买某物”为pay...for...however 副词，意为“然而，可是”，表示转折关系，可放在句首、句中、句末。重点短语go to the movies 去看电影look after = take care of 照顾surf the internet 上网healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式go skate boarding 去划板keep healthy=stay healthy 保持健康eating habits 饮食习惯take more exercise 做更多的运动the same as 与什么相同be different from 不同once a month 一月一次twice a week 一周两次make a difference to 对......有影响/作用most of the students = most studentsshop=go shopping=do some shopping 购物be good for 对......有益be bad for 对......有害come home from school放学回家of course = certainly = sure 当然get good grades 取得好成绩keep/be in good health 保持健康take a vacation 去度假Unit 3 I’m more outgoing than my sister.词语辨析be good at=do well in ，其后可接名词、代词或动名词，表示擅长......care about 关心care for 关爱take care (当/小心)take care of (照顾)=look aftermake sb. do sth.： 让(使)某人做某事(make后跟不带to的不定式)His father always make me get up before five o'clock.make sb. +形容词：使某人保持某种状态My friends always make me happy.be like“就像…”I am like your sister.look like “外貌上的像 ”I look like my sister.That’s why+句子：那就是…的原因/那就是为什么…That's why I study English hard. 那就是我努力学习英语的原因。be different from 与……不同反：be the same as 与…… 相同though① adv. 不过;可是;然而(句末补充说明使语气减弱)② conj. 虽然;尽管=although，与but 不能同时用在一个句子中He said he would come. He didn’t,though.他说他要来，可是并没有来。Though/Although he has been deadfor many years, many people still remember him.尽管他已经去世很多年了，但很多人仍然记得他。get bettergrades 取得更好的成绩does(助动词do/did)，为了避免重复，可代替上文出现过的实意动词。be good withsb. 与某人相处得好重点短语more outgoing 更外向/更开朗as...as...与…… 一样the singing competition 歌咏比赛the most important 最重要的be talented in music 在音乐方面有天赋the same as 与……相同care about 关心/留意/关注be different from 与…...不同be like a mirror 像一面镜子as long as 只要;与…...一样长bring out 显示/显出get better grades 取得更好的成绩reach for 伸手达到/达到touch one’s heart 感动in fact 事实上make friends 交朋友be good at 在某方面成绩好the other 另一个be similar to 与…相似be good with 与…和睦相处have fun=Have a good time 玩得开心have fun doing sth 做某事很开心do the same thingsas me. 做和我一样的事情It’s+adj+(forsb.)to do sth. “做某事(对某人来说)是...的 ”24 make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友as long as 只要;既然，引导条件状语从句Unit 4 What’s the bestmovie theater?词语辨析How do you like+名/代/V-ing=What do you think of ：“ 你认为…怎么样?”Thanks for=Thankyou for +名/代/V-ing:“感谢…”You’re welcome.=Not at all. 不客气talent 名(可)天赋talent show 才艺表演talented adj. 有天赋的be talented in 在......方面有天赋be good at 擅长… (= do well in)反义短语：be poor / weak in 在...方面薄弱be good for 对……有益，后跟人或事物;其反义短语是be bad forbe good to 对……好(和善;慈爱)，相当于 befriendly to，后面通常接人all kinds of 各种各样的different kinds of 不同种类的a kind of 一种…...kind of 有点+adj.： kind of boring / fat /thinwin vt. 赢得+奖品 winner n. 赢者watch sb. do sth. 观看某人做了某事watch doing sth. 观看某人正在做某事举例：such as 常列举几个例子，不能穷尽，可和and so on(等等)连用;like可和such as互换;for example 一般只列举一个，作插入语用逗号隔开，可置于句首/句中/句末。重点短语so far 到目前为止，迄今为止no problem 没什么，别客气have….in common 有相同特征(想法、兴趣等方面)相同be up to 由…...决定/是…...的职责all kinds of … 各种各样的……play a role in doing sth./sth. 发挥作用，有影响make up 编造(故事、谎言等)for example=e.g. 例如take …..seriously 认真对待not everybody 并不是每个人close to 离..….近more and more 越来越……Unit 5 Do you want towatch a game show?词语辨析want + n 想要……want to do sth 想要做某事want sb to do sth 想让某人做某事……mind 介意，其后+名词/代词/V-ingstand1)“站, 站立” e.g. Stand up! 起立2) “忍受”(多用于否定句、疑问句) , 后可+名/代/V-ingplan vt. &vi.计划, 打算，plan to do sth.plan 还可作名词，如：make plans 制定计划v. discuss (讨论) + ion→ n. discussionhad a discussion about sth. 对某事进行讨论happen v. 发生; 出现sth+ happens to sb.”或“sth happened + 时间/地点”句式情态动词may 语气弱于can，意为“可能”might 表推测，语气最弱，意为“可能”may/might not 表示否定推测时语气最弱，意为“可能不”They may not be very exciting. 它们可能不是那么令人兴奋。expect to do sth. 期盼做某事hope to do sth: 希望干某事很多动词后面都可以跟动词不定式作宾语，如：want, like, hope, wish, learn,start, begin, prefer, try, askbe famous as 作为……而出名be famous for sth. 因为......而出名one of… 后跟可数名词复数，表示…之一。 其后的谓语动词用单数。One of my favorite movies is Mr.Bean. 我最喜欢的电影之一是憨豆先生。shown. 节目 TV shows/talent shows;v. 展示 show sth. tosb.= show sb. sth.重点短语find out 查出/发现be ready to do 准备做…dress up 打扮/化妆成take one's place 代替某人do a good job 干的好/表演的出色think of 想到/思考game show 游戏节目learn from 向…...学习talk show 访谈节目soap opera 肥皂剧go on 继续watch a movie 看电影one of… 其中之一try one’s best to =do one’sbest to 竭尽全力a pair of 一双as famous as 一样闻名/出名look like 看起来像around the world 世界各地have a discussion about 讨论…...one day 有一天/某一天such as 例如a symbol of 一个象征/标志something enjoyable 快乐的事情interesting information 有趣的信息Unit 6 I’m going to study computer science.重点词语/短语用法解析1.want to be/become + (职业)名词 :“想要成为…..”I want to be (be) a scientist when I grow up.2.write stories 写故事tell stories 讲故事3.keep on doing sth. 继续做某事(表动作的反复)keeping doing sth. 保持做某事(表动作或状态的持续)be sure about +名/代/V-ing“肯定”Are you sure about that?make sure (that)+从句“…...确保...…”Make sure that both doors are closed when you go out.5.learn sth.We must learn English every day.learn to do sth.I amgoing to learn to play ( play) the piano.discuss v. 讨论;商量名词是discussiondiscuss with sb. 与某人讨论 :Discuss this question with yourpartner.Let’s discuss this problem. 让我们讨论一下这个问题。All we need now is action, not discussion. 我们现在需要的是行动，不是讨论。be able to do sth. 能够做某事(1)can : can+动词原形，无人称和数的变化。只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时，不能用于将来时。be able to + 动词原形，有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态。(2)can 常指客观上能够;be able to 更侧重于经过努力、克服一定困难有能力做成某事。He will be able to(能够) speak English next year.(在此不能填can)8.promise n. 承诺;诺言 v. 许诺;承诺;答应make a promise(to sb) (对某人)许下诺言keep a promise 遵守诺言break a promise 违背诺言promise (sb) to do sth. 许诺某人干某事promise (sb) +that 从句He promised to help me. 他许诺过要帮助我。I promised that I study hard from nowon. 我承诺从现在起努力学习。9.have to do with 关于;与……有关系The book has to do with computers. 那本书与计算机有关。take up sth./doing sth.(尤指为消遣)学着做;开始做I am going to take up cooking next year.明年我将要学煮饭。Sometimes the resolutions may be too difficult to keep.too+形容词/副词 to+动词原形，表示“太…...而不能...…”如：The kid is too young to play thisgame.这个小孩太小，不能玩这个游戏。12.one’sown +名词 “某人自己的东西”， 强调某物为个人所有my own book 我自己的书本重点词语/短语用法解析1.want to be/become + (职业)名词 :“想要成为…..”I want to be (be) a scientist when I grow up.2.write stories 写故事tell stories 讲故事3.keep on doing sth. 继续做某事(表动作的反复)keeping doing sth. 保持做某事(表动作或状态的持续)be sure about +名/代/V-ing“肯定”Are you sure about that?make sure (that)+从句“…...确保...…”Make sure that both doors are closed when you go out.5.learn sth.We must learn English every day.learn to do sth.I amgoing to learn to play ( play) the piano.discuss v. 讨论;商量名词是discussiondiscuss with sb. 与某人讨论 :Discuss this question with yourpartner.Let’s discuss this problem. 让我们讨论一下这个问题。All we need now is action, not discussion. 我们现在需要的是行动，不是讨论。be able to do sth. 能够做某事(1)can : can+动词原形，无人称和数的变化。只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时，不能用于将来时。be able to + 动词原形，有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态。(2)can 常指客观上能够;be able to 更侧重于经过努力、克服一定困难有能力做成某事。He will be able to(能够) speak English next year.(在此不能填can)8.promise n. 承诺;诺言 v. 许诺;承诺;答应make a promise(to sb) (对某人)许下诺言keep a promise 遵守诺言break a promise 违背诺言promise (sb) to do sth. 许诺某人干某事promise (sb) +that 从句He promised to help me. 他许诺过要帮助我。I promised that I study hard from nowon. 我承诺从现在起努力学习。9.have to do with 关于;与……有关系The book has to do with computers. 那本书与计算机有关。take up sth./doing sth.(尤指为消遣)学着做;开始做I am going to take up cooking next year.明年我将要学煮饭。Sometimes the resolutions may be too difficult to keep.too+形容词/副词 to+动词原形，表示“太…...而不能...…”如：The kid is too young to play thisgame.这个小孩太小，不能玩这个游戏。12.one’sown +名词 “某人自己的东西”， 强调某物为个人所有my own book 我自己的书本Unit 7 Will people have robots?重点词语/短语用法解析1.many+可数名词 许多......much+不可数名词 许多......2.live to be+基数词 + years old“活到...…岁”bein great danger 处在极大的危险中4.play a part in +名/代/V-ing. 参与某事/做某事Everyone should play a part in saving theearth.5.help (sb.) with sth. 帮助(某人)做某事He often helps me with my English.help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助(某人)做……He often helps me study English.help oneself ( to ) 自用(食物等)Help yourself to the fish. 请随便吃鱼6.the same as… 和……一样...... 反义短语：be different fromIt takes/took/will take sb. some time to do sth.某人花了……时间做某事(时态根据具体情况决定)It takes me an hour to get to my office.spend time/moneyon sth.在……上花费时间(金钱)sb. spend time/money (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事。I spent two hours on this math problem.这道数学题花了我个小时。They spent two years building this bridge.造这座桥花了他们两年时间。8.hundreds of + 名词复数 许多/大量......数词+hundred + 名词复数 几百......类似的数词还有thousand(千) , million(万)There are four hundred students in ourgrade.There are hundreds of tourists in Beijingevery year.9.during 在…期间during the vacation/the daytime/the weekend10.the meaning of …的意思Can you tell me the meaning of the words?重点词语/短语用法解析1.many+可数名词 许多......much+不可数名词 许多......2.live to be+基数词 + years old“活到...…岁”bein great danger 处在极大的危险中4.play a part in +名/代/V-ing. 参与某事/做某事Everyone should play a part in saving theearth.5.help (sb.) with sth. 帮助(某人)做某事He often helps me with my English.help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助(某人)做……He often helps me study English.help oneself ( to ) 自用(食物等)Help yourself to the fish. 请随便吃鱼6.the same as… 和……一样...... 反义短语：be different fromIt takes/took/will take sb. some time to do sth.某人花了……时间做某事(时态根据具体情况决定)It takes me an hour to get to my office.spend time/moneyon sth.在……上花费时间(金钱)sb. spend time/money (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事。I spent two hours on this math problem.这道数学题花了我个小时。They spent two years building this bridge.造这座桥花了他们两年时间。8.hundreds of + 名词复数 许多/大量......数词+hundred + 名词复数 几百......类似的数词还有thousand(千) , million(万)There are four hundred students in ourgrade.There are hundreds of tourists in Beijingevery year.9.during 在…期间during the vacation/the daytime/the weekend10.the meaning of …的意思Can you tell me the meaning of the words?Unit 8 Howdo you make a banana milk shake?重点词语/短语用法解析1.cut是“切, 割”的意思，过去式为cut。cut up 意为“切碎”Cut up the bananas. = Cut the bananas up.Cut it /them up.2.turn on 打开, 接通(电流、煤气、水等)turn off 关掉,截断(电流、煤气、水等)turn up 开大,调高(音量、热量等)turn down 调低,关小(音量、热量等)3.one more thing 另外一件事情another ten minutes 再多十分钟数字+ more + 物品 指“另外的……another + 数字 +物品 指“另外的……当数字为one时，常与more连用或只用 another。Give me two more hamburgers?another two hamburgersforget to do sth. 忘记(去)做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已做过某事。It’s a time (for sb). to do sth.该是(某人)做某事的时期了It’s time (for sb.)to dosth. =It’s time for sth.该是(某人)做某事的时间了。It’s a time for you to study English.It’s time for us to go to school.(It’s time for school.)6.give thanks for +名/代V-ing “感恩...…”We should give thanks for our parents.He gave thanks for life and food.7.Most Americans still celebrate this ideas of giving thanks by having a big meal.by+sth./doing :1)以…...方式 I study English by listening to English songs.2)在...…的旁边 I am sitting by the pool.3)在...…之前 I have to go to school by 8:00.4)搭乘 I go to school by bus.8.Here is +名单(宾语) “这是…” 是倒装句Here is a photo of my family.Here are+名复Here are some English books.当宾语是代词时，要用顺装。如：Here you are.(对)Here are you.(错)9.fill sth. with sth. 用...…把…...装满 (强调动作)be full of“装满…”(强调状态)I filled the cup with the milk.The cup is full of the milk.10.put…in(into)…把…...放到...… 里11.cover…with…用…...覆盖12.cut …into把…...切成...…Cut the apple into four pieces.cutup… 切碎13.serve v. 服务 n.serviceserve +名/代“提供…”The shop serves nice food.serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. Serve it to your friends with some vegetables.serve sb. with sth. “用某物招待某人” Serve the guests with some tea.重点词语/短语用法解析1.cut是“切, 割”的意思，过去式为cut。cut up 意为“切碎”Cut up the bananas. = Cut the bananas up.Cut it /them up.2.turn on 打开, 接通(电流、煤气、水等)turn off 关掉,截断(电流、煤气、水等)turn up 开大,调高(音量、热量等)turn down 调低,关小(音量、热量等)3.one more thing 另外一件事情another ten minutes 再多十分钟数字+ more + 物品 指“另外的……another + 数字 +物品 指“另外的……当数字为one时，常与more连用或只用 another。Give me two more hamburgers?another two hamburgersforget to do sth. 忘记(去)做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已做过某事。It’s a time (for sb). to do sth.该是(某人)做某事的时期了It’s time (for sb.)to dosth. =It’s time for sth.该是(某人)做某事的时间了。It’s a time for you to study English.It’s time for us to go to school.(It’s time for school.)6.give thanks for +名/代V-ing “感恩...…”We should give thanks for our parents.He gave thanks for life and food.7.Most Americans still celebrate this ideas of giving thanks by having a big meal.by+sth./doing :1)以…...方式 I study English by listening to English songs.2)在...…的旁边 I am sitting by the pool.3)在...…之前 I have to go to school by 8:00.4)搭乘 I go to school by bus.8.Here is +名单(宾语) “这是…” 是倒装句Here is a photo of my family.Here are+名复Here are some English books.当宾语是代词时，要用顺装。如：Here you are.(对)Here are you.(错)9.fill sth. with sth. 用...…把…...装满 (强调动作)be full of“装满…”(强调状态)I filled the cup with the milk.The cup is full of the milk.10.put…in(into)…把…...放到...… 里11.cover…with…用…...覆盖12.cut …into把…...切成...…Cut the apple into four pieces.cutup… 切碎13.serve v. 服务 n.serviceserve +名/代“提供…”The shop serves nice food.serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. Serve it to your friends with some vegetables.serve sb. with sth. “用某物招待某人” Serve the guests with some tea.Unit 9 Can you come to my party?重点词语/短语用法解析1.one…another… 表示不确定数目中的另一个one…theother… 表示两者中的另一个I don't like this one, can you show me another?I have two brothers. One is a lawyer andthe other is a manager.some…others…表示没有范围限定的“一些…...另一些...…”some…theothers… 表示某一范围的“一些...…其余的…...”Some go to school by bike and others go to school by bus.Some go to school by bike and the others goto school by bus.invite v. 邀请 n. invitationinvite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人干某事”invite sb. to+地点名词1) Mr. Green invited me to visit his factory last week.2) Thanks a lot for your invitation3) Thanks for inviting me to yourparty.3.(1)What’s the date today? 意为“今天是几月几号?” It’s +月+日。(2)What day isit today? 意为“今天是星期几?”It’s + 星期几。—What’s thedate?—It’s September 10th.—What day is it today?— It’s Wednesday.4.have a lesson(class) 上课have an English lesson5.prepare v. 准备 n. preparationprepare sth. “准备某物”，所准备的东西就是后面的宾语。prepare for sth. “为……做准备”，指为后面的宾语做准备prepare to do sth. “准备做某事”bring...to…“带来”把某物从别的地方带到说话人的地方take…to…“带去”把某物从说话的地方带到别处去。(两者方向相反)Bring your homework here, and take the book away.把你的作业拿过来，把这本书带走。7.without(介词)没有 反义词：with“具有”We can’tlive without water.Jane is a beautiful girl with long hair.sothat +从句： 以便于;目的是I study hard so that I can get good grades.9.surprise n. 惊奇surprised adj. 感到惊奇的(指人)surprising adj. 令人惊奇的(指物)be surprised at sth.“惊奇于某事”to one’ssurprise “令某人惊奇的是”① I’m surprised at the surprising news. 我对这个令人惊讶的消息感到很吃惊。② To my surprise, he left without leaving a word. 令我惊奇的是，他一声不响地离开了。10.look forward to (介词)+名/代/V-ingI look forward to your reply. 我期待你的答复。I look forward to seeing you again.11.hear from sb. = get a letter from sb. 收到某人的来信。I heard from my friends yesterday.=I got a letter from my friend yesterday.12.the best way to do sth. 做某事的最好方式Exercising is the best way to keep healthy.13.how to do that. “该怎么做”，疑问词+to do sth常用来做宾语I don’t know how to make a banana milk shake.I don’t know what to do.14.at the end of “在…末尾”Now, it is at the end of 2014.反义短语：at the beginning of “ 在…开始”15.be glad/happy/sad to do sth.“很高兴/难过做某事I am glad to see you.16.reply to sb./sth.“回复…”Reply in writing to the invitation “以写信形式回复这份邀请函”【重点语法】一. 表示邀请的句型Can/Could you…(come to my party)?Would you like to..( Would youlike to my party)?接受：Sure/Yes/Of course, I’d love/like to.拒绝:① I’m sorry, I can’t. I have to/must+V原 (陈述理由 )② I’d love/like to, but I … (理由)3.I’mafraid not. I…(理由)二. must与have tomust 表示主观“必须”;must 表示“主观上的要求”，无人称和时态的变化，否定回答: needn’t 或 don't have to (不必)。mustn’t 表示“禁止”.have to表客观需要，有人称和时态变化，否: don’t / doesn’t /didn’t have to (没必要)—Must I be home before eight o’clock? 8点之前我必须回家吗?—Yes, you must. / No, you needn't. / No,you don't have to.重点词语/短语用法解析1.one…another… 表示不确定数目中的另一个one…the other… 表示两者中的另一个I don't like this one, can you show me another?I have two brothers. One is a lawyer andthe other is a manager.some…others…表示没有范围限定的“一些…...另一些...…”some…theothers… 表示某一范围的“一些...…其余的…...”Some go to school by bike and others go to school by bus.Some go to school by bike and the others goto school by bus.invite v. 邀请 n. invitationinvite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人干某事”invite sb. to+地点名词1) Mr. Green invited me to visit his factory last week.2) Thanks a lot for your invitation3) Thanks for inviting me to yourparty.3.(1)What’s the date today? 意为“今天是几月几号?” It’s +月+日。(2)What day isit today? 意为“今天是星期几?”It’s + 星期几。—What’s thedate?—It’s September 10th.—What day is it today?— It’s Wednesday.4.have a lesson(class) 上课have an English lesson5.prepare v. 准备 n. preparationprepare sth. “准备某物”，所准备的东西就是后面的宾语。prepare for sth. “为……做准备”，指为后面的宾语做准备prepare to do sth. “准备做某事”bring...to…“带来”把某物从别的地方带到说话人的地方take…to…“带去”把某物从说话的地方带到别处去。(两者方向相反)Bring your homework here, and take the book away.把你的作业拿过来，把这本书带走。7.without(介词)没有 反义词：with“具有”We can’tlive without water.Jane is a beautiful girl with long hair.sothat +从句： 以便于;目的是I study hard so that I can get good grades.9.surprise n. 惊奇surprised adj. 感到惊奇的(指人)surprising adj. 令人惊奇的(指物)be surprised at sth.“惊奇于某事”to one’ssurprise “令某人惊奇的是”① I’m surprised at the surprising news. 我对这个令人惊讶的消息感到很吃惊。② To my surprise, he left without leaving a word. 令我惊奇的是，他一声不响地离开了。10.look forward to (介词)+名/代/V-ingI look forward to your reply. 我期待你的答复。I look forward to seeing you again.11.hear from sb. = get a letter from sb. 收到某人的来信。I heard from my friends yesterday.=I got a letter from my friend yesterday.12.the best way to do sth. 做某事的最好方式Exercising is the best way to keep healthy.13.how to do that. “该怎么做”，疑问词+to do sth常用来做宾语I don’t know how to make a banana milk shake.I don’t know what to do.14.at the end of “在…末尾”Now, it is at the end of 2014.反义短语：at the beginning of “ 在…开始”15.be glad/happy/sad to do sth.“很高兴/难过做某事I am glad to see you.16.reply to sb./sth.“回复…”Reply in writing to the invitation “以写信形式回复这份邀请函”【重点语法】一. 表示邀请的句型Can/Could you…(come to my party)?Would you like to..( Would youlike to my party)?接受：Sure/Yes/Of course, I’d love/like to.拒绝:① I’m sorry, I can’t. I have to/must+V原 (陈述理由 )② I’d love/like to, but I … (理由)3.I’mafraid not. I…(理由)二. must与have tomust 表示主观“必须”;must 表示“主观上的要求”，无人称和时态的变化，否定回答: needn’t 或 don't have to (不必)。mustn’t 表示“禁止”.have to表客观需要，有人称和时态变化，否: don’t / doesn’t /didn’t have to (没必要)—Must I be home before eight o’clock? 8点之前我必须回家吗?—Yes, you must. / No, you needn't. / No,you don't have to.Unit 10 If you go to the party,you’ll have a great time!重点词语/短语用法解析have agreat time 意为“玩得愉快”，=enjoy oneself, have fun, have a good /wonderful / nice timehave a great / good time in(doing) sth. 做某事很开心ask sb.(not)to do sth. 要求某人(不)做某事The teachers ask us to do (do)lots of homework.order sth. from+地点“从某地订购食物”I want to order some books fromthe book store.keep…to oneself 保守秘密unless conj. 除非;如果不unless 引导的条件句表示在特定条件下，才决定做或不做一件事。=if...notThe concert will be held asschedule unless there is a typhoon.= The concert will be held as schedule ifthere is not a typhoon.be afraidto do sth. 害怕干某事I’m afraid to speak in front ofother people.be afraid of sth. 害怕某事He told me not to be afraid ofdifficulties.be afraid +that从句I’m afraid that I can’t finish ontimebe angry withsb.We were angry with him forkeeping us waiting.be angry at/about sth.He is angry at/about your answer.I was very angry at what he said.in the end 最后;终于= at last/ finallyat the end of 在...末端;到...尽头He married the nice girl in theend/at last/finally.The school is at the end of thestreet.careless adj. 粗心的;反义词：careful， 意为“小心的”。The boy is very careless. 这个男孩很粗心。He is more careful than me. 他比我认真。advise v.“劝告;建议”n. advice, 是不可数名词.Give me some advice!advise doing sth. 建议做某事。advise sb.(not)to do sth. 建议某人(不)做某事I advise waiting till the righttime. 我建议等到适当的时候。I advise him not to sleep lateevery day. 我建议他不要每天睡懒觉。It’s best (not)to do sth. 最好(不)做某事It’s best to speak English everyday.run away from“ 从…逃离” “逃避”cut …in half “切成两半”重点词语/短语用法解析have agreat time 意为“玩得愉快”，=enjoy oneself, have fun, have a good /wonderful / nice timehave a great / good time in(doing) sth. 做某事很开心ask sb.(not)to do sth. 要求某人(不)做某事The teachers ask us to do (do)lots of homework.order sth. from+地点“从某地订购食物”I want to order some books fromthe book store.keep…to oneself 保守秘密unless conj. 除非;如果不unless 引导的条件句表示在特定条件下，才决定做或不做一件事。=if...notThe concert will be held asschedule unless there is a typhoon.= The concert will be held as schedule ifthere is not a typhoon.be afraidto do sth. 害怕干某事I’m afraid to speak in front ofother people.be afraid of sth. 害怕某事He told me not to be afraid ofdifficulties.be afraid +that从句I’m afraid that I can’t finish ontimebe angry withsb.We were angry with him forkeeping us waiting.be angry at/about sth.He is angry at/about your answer.I was very angry at what he said.in the end 最后;终于= at last/ finallyat the end of 在...末端;到...尽头He married the nice girl in theend/at last/finally.The school is at the end of thestreet.careless adj. 粗心的;反义词：careful， 意为“小心的”。The boy is very careless. 这个男孩很粗心。He is more careful than me. 他比我认真。advise v.“劝告;建议”n. advice, 是不可数名词.Give me some advice!advise doing sth. 建议做某事。advise sb.(not)to do sth. 建议某人(不)做某事I advise waiting till the righttime. 我建议等到适当的时候。I advise him not to sleep lateevery day. 我建议他不要每天睡懒觉。It’s best (not)to do sth. 最好(不)做某事It’s best to speak English everyday.run away from“ 从…逃离” “逃避”cut …in half “切成两半”
序号英文中文001There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation.如果我们探测到了来自外星文明的信号，我们应该如何回应是一个备受争议的问题。002The two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the European silk industry.两次世界大战中断了来自日本的原材料供应，同时也抑制了欧洲的丝绸工业。003Migration is a complex issue, and biologists define it differently,depending in part on what sorts of animals they study.迁徙是一个复杂的问题，生物学家对它有不同的定义，部分取决于他们研究的动物种类。004One way is by organising backstage tours, so people can be shown round the building and learn how a theatre operates.一种方式是组织后台参观，这样人们就可以参观建筑，了解剧院是如何运作的。005What Im afraid will happen is that books and magazines will all disappear, and there l1 just be rows and rows of computers.我担心会发生的是，书和杂志都将消失，剩下的只有一排排电脑。006The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there.这个心理学实验室坚决声明拥有合法性并唤起了在那里参与实验的人们的信任和信心。007The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous criticism is suppressed.艺术博物馆的陈列警示我们当自发的（艺术）批评被压制时会出现何种（艺术）批评。008Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population.垂直农业试图解决我们在为不断增长的人口生产足够粮食时所面临的不容置疑的问题。009It was not unti1 1500 BC, however, that the first hollow glass container was made by covering a sand core with a layer of molten glass.然而，直到公元前1500年，第一个中空玻璃容器才通过用一层熔融玻璃覆盖砂芯制成。010Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due.许多理论家认为理想的老板应该在后方指挥，以集体成就为荣，并给予员工应得的荣誉。011Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound.虽然我们可能认为电影本质上是一种视觉体验，但我们真的不能低估电影声音的重要性。012As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the European economy and its system of production.就货物运输而言，其增长在很大程度上是由欧洲经济及其生产体系的变化造成的。013In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun s shadow.为了在白天记录日光时，发明家创造了靠阳光影子的长度或方向来指示时间的日晷。014Lee Hall s analysis of figures comparing the times of the fires and the proportion of seed that germinated was done in a lot of detail-very Impressive.李·霍尔对火灾发生的次数和种子发芽的比例进行了对比和数字分析，他的分析非常详尽——令人印象深刻。015While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people s health.如果狩猎和诱捕受到气候变化的限制，因纽特人可能实际上也不会挨饿，但这肯定会对他们的健康产生影响。016It would seem that the brain sees these images as puzzles, and the harder it is to decipher the meaning, the more rewarding is the moment of recognition.似乎大脑把这些图像看成是拼图，越难解读其中的含义，识别出来时就越令人满意。017Such material, even where it appears comparatively trivial, can have a serious effect on the company, supplier or customer if it falls into the wrong hands.如果这类材料落到坏人手中，即使在看来相对微不足道的地方，也会对公司、供应商或客户产生严重影响。018If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface.如果玻璃保持足够的热度，它会流满熔化的锡表面，直到顶部表面也变得平坦、水平，且完全与其底部表面平行。019It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities.人们曾经认为，电信的进步使人们不再被迫流向城市，这将导致人口更加分散。020Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.与语言相比，所有其他的发明都相形见绌，因为我们所取得的一切都依赖于语言，并源于语言。021It s true there are new regulations for mercury emissions from power plants, but these will need billions of dollars to implement and increase costs for everyone.的确，对发电厂的汞排放有了新的规定，但贯彻这些规定需要数十亿美元，而且还增加了每个人的成本。022The teacher s task is to assist the students to apply what they have learned paraconsciously, and in doing so to make it easily accessible to consclousness.教师的任务是协助学生运用他们在超意识状态下习得的知识，这样做可以使所学的知识更容易被意识接受。023However, if one of the parties in a conflict sees human resources as simply a mouthpiece for the chief executive, then an external mediator might be able to help.然而，如果冲突中的一方认为人力资源部只是首席执行官的代言人，那么一个外部调解人或许能够提供帮助。024Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophy11, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree.夏天的叶子是绿色的，因为它们充满了叶绿素，这种分子能吸收阳光，然后将能量转化为树的新构造材料。025If clothing fails to meet these standards, as determined by the employee s supervisor, the employee will be asked not to wear the inappropriate item to work again.如果员工着装未能满足上司规定的这些标准，该员工将会被要求不再穿戴不适宜的服饰来工作。026The participants weren t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each one.参与者事先没有被告知这些曲调是由人还是由电脑创作的，但是要求他们去猜测，然后评估他们对每个曲调的喜爱程度。027If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.如果就患某种疾病而言，同卵双胞胎比异卵双胞胎有更多的相似之处，那么这种疾病的易感性一定至少有一部分是源于遗传的。028Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age.最后，一般的自我认知最形象的表达方式大概是愤怒，这在18个月到3岁的孩子身上最为常见。029If we can understand how geography affects our health no matter where in the world we are located, we can better treat disease, prevent illness,and keep people safe and wel1.如果无论身处何处，我们都能理解地理是如何影响我们的健康的，我们就能更好地治疗疾病、预防疾病，保证人们安全无恙。030Similarly, people who collect dolls may go beyond simply enlarging their collection, and develop an interest in the way that dolls are made or the materials that are used.同样，收集娃娃的人可能不只是简单地扩大他们的收藏范围，而是培养对玩偶的制作方式或使用材料的兴趣。031He wanted to give people a feeling of suspense as they see the building first from a distance, and then close-up, and the shape of the building as a whole was that of a box.他想给人们一种悬念之感，当人们从远处看到建筑，然后慢慢接近，整个建筑的形状就像一个盒子。032The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped.嗅觉不受重视的原因常常被归结为：相对于嗅觉功能对于动物的重要性，人类的嗅觉较弱而且没有充分发育。033Some of you suggested an Italian restaurant, but I must confess that I decided to book a Lebanese one, as we have plenty of opportunities to go to an Italian restaurant at home.你们有些人建议去一家意大利餐馆，但我必须坦白说，我决定订一家黎巴嫩餐厅，因为我们在国内有很多机会去意大利餐馆。034As these ancestral tortoises settled on the individual islands, the different populations adapted to their unique environments, giving rise to at least 14 different subspecies.当这些最早期的龟定居在各个岛屿上时，不同的种群适应了它们独特的环境，产生了至少14个不同的亚种。035The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive.为控制害虫而连续不计后果地使用危害农作物和人类健康的人工合成化学品，结果产生了相反的效果。036Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalisations.无论是社交场合中的笑还是认知活动中的笑，都是利用我们大脑中的同一表达机制——情感和运动环路使人发笑并发出兴奋的声音。037Opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.民意调查表明，很多人支持了这一看法，认为环境标准在降低，似乎有四种因素导致这种认识与实际情况的差异。038Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertilizer and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertilizer run-off.由于工业肥料和杀虫剂的持续使用，许多地区的自然土壤肥力正在下降，而湖泊中的藻类则因肥料的径流而增加。039Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.在几个世纪的时间跨度里，拉皮塔人把他们的世界从巴布亚新几内亚丛林覆盖的火山延伸到汤加最孤独的珊瑚群周围。040Multiplan insurance may not cover all pre-existing medical conditions - so before you leave be sure to check with them about any long-term illnesses or di sabilities that you have.多重保险可能没有涵盖所有预先存在的医疗情况，所以在你离开之前，一定要与他们核对任何你有的长期疾病或残疾。041As the medical world continues to grapple with what s acceptable and what's not, it is clear that companies must continue to be heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies.随着医学界持续努力解决哪些是可接受的和哪些是不可接受的这一底线问题，有一点是清楚的，（制药）公司的销售和市场策略必须继续受到严格审查。042The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, So reducing the warming of oceans and atmosphere.其理论依据是，如果你补充了高纬度地区的冰盖和冰冻水域，更多的光线将会反射回太空，从而减少海洋和大气变暖。043A final theory is related to group behaviour, and suggests that sea mammals cannot distinguish between sick and healthy leaders and will follow sick leaders, even to an inevitable death.最后的这一理论与集体行为有关，认为海洋哺乳动物不能区分病态和健康的领导者，它们会跟随生病的领导者，甚至最终不可避免地死亡。044From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a fear of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility.从幼儿时期开始，我们就与自身的计算系统密切相关，以至于考虑到还未形成这种能力的早期人类所面临的问题，仅仅是想象就让我们觉得可怕。045One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven t had the opportunity to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking.我写这本书的目的之一是给那些没能看到和享受真正的数学的读者一个机会去欣赏数学的思维方式。046We have also negotiated a range of benefits for staff such as discounted private healthcare and a car purchase scheme, along with a number of one-off deals with hotels and amusement parks.我们也已经为员工争取到一系列优惠福利，例如享受带有折扣的私人医疗保健、购车计划以及一些与酒店和游乐场的一次性交易。047For many enthusiasts, the ultimate flight fantasy is the jet pack, a small piece of equipment on your back which enables you to climb vertically into the air and fly forwards, backwards and turn.对许多爱好者来说，终极飞行幻想就是喷气背包，这是一种放置在背部的小型设备，使你能够垂直升空，向前或向后飞行，也能调头转弯。048The typical way of talking to a baby-high pitched, exaggerated and repetitious-is a source of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how " baby talkimpacts on learning.对那些希望了解“婴儿牙牙学语声”是如何影响学习的语言学家来说，与婴儿高声调的、夸张的、重复的典型说话方式令语言学家感兴趣。049Psychologists have long held that a person s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age.心理学家们一直认为，一个人的性格不可能以任何有意义的方式发生转变，人格的关键特征在很小的时候就确定了。050It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame,clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage.只有当船体顺利地悬挂在吊架上，离开海底和远离周围泥浆的吸力作用时，打捞工作才进入第二阶段。051They think the population of Rapa Nui grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had no immunity.他们认为，拉帕努伊岛人口增长迅速，在欧洲人到来之前保持基本稳定，欧洲人带来了致命的疾病，而岛民对这些疾病没有免疫力。052Anyway, even though these noise maps are fairly crude, they ve been useful in providing information and raising awareness that noise matters,we need to deal with it and so its a political matter.无论如何，尽管这些噪音地图粗糙且不完善，但它们在提供信息和提高人们对噪音的认识方面很有用，我们需要解决这个问题，所以这是一个政治问题。053Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival.旅行从远古时代开始就一直存在，那时原始人出发，经常长途跋涉寻找猎物，猎物为其生存提供所需的食物和衣服。054This is why composers often introduce a key note in the beginning of a song, spend most of the rest of the piece in the studious avoidance of the pattern, and then finally repeat it only at the end.这就是为什么作曲家常常在歌曲的开始定一个基调，之后在歌曲的剩余部分有意地避免这个音，最终只在结尾处重复一次。055In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community.就其最通常的意义而言，规范主义认为某种语言本来就比其他语言具有更高的价值，并且这一点应该应用于整个语言社会。056What we ve decided to present today is information about just three speciesbecause we felt these gave a good indication of the processes at work in rural and urban settings as a whole.今天我们决定介绍有关三个物种的信息，因为我们觉得这些信息整体上很好地象征了农村和城市环境中的工作过程。057The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.这个月底即将公布的一项长达14年的研究结果显示，因老年而受疾病折磨的人越来越少，当老年病真的来袭时，己是生命垂暮之时。058Memory consolidation, the next step in forming an episodic memory, is the process by which memories of encoded information are strengthened,stabilised and stored to facilitate later retrieval.记忆巩固是形成情节记忆的下一个步骤，是增强、稳定和储存编码信息的记忆，以便日后检索的过程。059In the course of conducting research in a number of industries and working directly with companies, we have discovered that managers often fail to recognize the less obvious but profound ways these trends are influencing consumers aspirations, attitudes, and behaviours.在对一些行业进行研究并与公司直接合作的过程中，我们发现，经理们往往没有认识到这些趋势正影响着消费者的期望、态度和行为，虽不明显但影响极大。060The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when science was regarded as objective and value free.坚信历史遗迹可以准确无误地证明过去这一信念起源于19世纪和20世纪初期，当时人们认为科学是客观的并且不受价值观左右。061After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld testsan automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images.此后，很多研究人员转而进行自动超感知觉全域测试一一使用自动化技术，利用电脑完成诸如随机选择图像等许多重要任务。062Unless there are no purchase facilities available at the station where you began your journey, you will be required to pay the full fare if you are unable to produce a valid ticket for inspection during a journey.除非出发地的车站没有可用的售票设施，否则一旦在旅途中检查时你无法出示有效车票，你将被要求支付全额票款。063Although population, industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed.尽管发达国家的人口、工业产出和经济生产力持续飞涨，但人们从含水层、河流和湖泊中抽取水的速度已经放缓。064High achievers have been found to use selfregulatory learning strategies more often and more effectively than lower achievers, and are better able to transfer these strategies to deal with unfamiliar tasks.我们发现成绩优异的学生比成绩差的学生更经常、更有效地使用自我调节的学习策略，并且能够更好地变换这些策略来处理不熟悉的任务。065Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging.研究还表明，双语经历可能有助于保持认知机制的敏锐性，通过运用替代的大脑网络，弥补那些在衰老过程中受到损害的大脑网络。066Not only was a monopoly of cinnamon becoming impossible, but the spice trade overall was diminishing in economic potential, and was eventually superseded by the rise of trade in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sugar.不仅肉桂的垄断变得不可能，而且香料贸易的整体经济潜力也在缩减，并最终被咖啡、茶、巧克力和糖的贸易增长所取代。067Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand s stunning scenery as a backdrop.另一个吸引了众多关注的特点是一趟互动之旅，这趟旅行穿越了电影大片的若干取景地，这些大片充分利用了新西兰令人叹为观止的风景作为背景。068As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human agingthe build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increase vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older.就像老龄化研究者最近所指出的那样，目前市面上没有一种疗法被证实可以减缓人体衰老——随着我们慢慢变老，分子与细胞损坏也逐渐增加，这就增加了我们体弱多病的几率。069We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730, 000 years.我们往往认为气候相对于天气而言是不变的，然而，人类的存在却一直受制于气候的变化，在过去的73万年里至少经历了8个冰河时期。070In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, the remote ancestors of tortoises were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria.与所有的哺乳动物、爬行动物和鸟类一样，乌龟的远祖是海洋中的鱼类，更早之前，它们是海洋中各种类似蠕虫的生物，这些生物可以追溯到原始细菌。071It is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade,and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components,manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky.正是制成品主导着贸易流动，而且由于技术进步，比如轻量化的部件，制成品本身趋向于变得更轻便而不那么笨重。072Its true that the actual construction of the house was harmful to the environment, mainly because they had to use massive amounts of concrete one of the biggest sources of carbon dioxide in manufacturing.确实，实际的房屋建造对环境有害，主要是因为它们不得不使用大量的混凝土——混凝土是制造业最大的二氧化碳来源之一。073The difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies,fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced.这些研究收集了奇闻轶事、明显的相似点与特例，因此很吸引人，然而，这些证据所带来的难题是，它们不是我们现在所称的常模参照。074Businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers, either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.企业发现，人种学可以让其更深入地了解顾客的可能需求，无论是现在的还是未来的，也可以提供他们对现有产品相关态度的有价值的信息。075Education is a hiring requirement for 60% of employment opportunities,but 40% of human resources staff say that if they do not know a lot about the value of documents attained elsewhere, they will not recognise them.有60%的就业机会都会对应聘者的教育背景提出要求，但是40%的人力部工作人员表示，如果他们并不十分了解应聘者从其他地方获得的资历证书的价值，他们将不予以认可。076The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary.给人的印象是，课本的逻辑性和其中对不同类型例子的全面涵盖，再加上学生水平相对整齐划一，使得练习册无用武之地了。077Most tickets may be used for travel by Sleeper, sub ject to availability,and a reservation in a two berth cabin can be made for t25, except in the case of Solo and Special tickets, which include sleeper reservations in the fare.绝大部分车票可以用来乘坐卧铺，这要视供应情况而定，而且支付25英镑就可以预订一个双铺位隔间，但单人车票和特价车票除外，因为上述车票票价中已经包含了卧铺预订费。078Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships propellers, but, unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is constant.同风力涡轮机的运行原理一样，海上涡轮机的动力来自潮汐流，在潮汐流的作用下轮机叶片像船只的螺旋桨一样转动。但与风力不同的是，潮汐是可预测的，而且其输入功率是恒定的。079These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors.这些发现导致了神经经济学的出现，它研究的是在经济环境下取得成功所依赖的大脑奥秘，而这就需要创新，需要不同于竞争者的另辟蹊径。080While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not 1imited to children experiencing di sability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable.尽管教室噪音不仅仅对残疾的孩子有不利影响，但是那些在语音处理和口头交流方面有障碍的孩子却极易受影响。081By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the parallax anglethe apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observer s positlon.通过从两个相距甚远的地方计算行星的凌日时间，天文学家小组可以计算出视差角一—天体的位置由于观测者的位置不同而产生的明显差异。082Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.受欺负的小学生长大成人后更有可能经历人际关系方面的困境，而一直欺负别人的儿童长大后更有可能实施身体暴力，并因此被判处反社会的违法罪行。083On the negative side, this type of organisation doesn t always act effectively, because it depends too much on one or two people at the top,and when these people make poor decisions there s no-one else who can influence them.不利的一面是，这种类型的组织方式并不总是有效的，因为它主要依靠一两个高层领导人物，当这些人做了糟糕的决策时，没有人能够影响得了他们。084Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of soil.来自9个国家的研究人员正在共同努力，创建一幅与数据库相关联的地图，通过将实地调查、无人机调查、卫星图像、实验室分析等获取的测量数据输入到这个数据库，从而提供有关土壤状况的实时数据。085As the fire continued to rage, the National Trust s conservators were being mobilised, and that evening local stationers were especially opened to provide the bulk supplies of blotting paper so desperately needed in the salvage operation.随着火势的蔓延，来自国民托管组织的文物保护工作者也被调动起来，那天晚上当地的文具店也紧急营业以提供抢救文物所急需的大量的吸墨纸。086Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes,but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.她对物理学做出了巨大贡献，不仅是因为已被两项诺贝尔奖肯定其重要性的个人研究成果，还因为她对之后一代代核物理学家和化学家所产生的影响。087The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a 1imited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.分类学家们有时会忽略整个物种而选择当时正在研究的那些物种群，而生态学家常常只收集每个物种有限的几个样本，因此就降低了分类研究的价值。088Many CEos combine two opposing characteristics: confidencethat is the belief that they re capable of great achievements-with a high level of anxiety, a fear of missing targets, whether set by themselves or by the directors of the company.许多CEO都有两种相反的特征：自信——即相信自己有能力取得巨大成就一一高度的焦虑，害怕自己或公司董事设定的目标落空。089A radical solution, which may work for some very large companies whose businesses are extensive and complex, is the professional board, whose members would work up to three or four days a week, supported by their own dedicated staff and advisers.89一个激进的解决方案就是成立专业董事会，这可能适用于一些业务广泛而复杂的大公司，其员工每周工作三到四天，有它们自己敬业的员工和顾问的支持。090This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not to prescribe-to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change.这种方法总结如下：语法学家的任务是描述而不是规定一—记录语言多样性的事实，而不是试图完成评估语言变异或停止语言变化这些不可能的任务。091Some recent interdisciplinary research has come out with results that at first sight seem contradictory a city needs to have a sense of activity, so it needs to be lively, with sounds like the clack of high heels on a pavement or the hiss of a coffee machine, but these mustn t be too intrusive, because at the same time we need to be able to relax.最近，一些跨学科研究得出了乍一看似乎自相矛盾的结论一个城市需要有活动感，所以它需要活泼起来，夹杂着如人行道上高跟鞋的哒哒声或咖啡机发出的嘶嘶声，但这些声音不能太过烦扰，因为我们同时需要能够放松。092Another strange feature of the japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above.日本宝塔的另一个奇怪的特点是，由于这种建筑物逐渐变细，每一层楼的平面图都比下面的要小，所以支撑着建筑物重量的垂直柱没有一根与上面相应的柱子相连。093An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested.1956年，在美国科罗拉多大峡谷上空发生了一起空难，该事件最终促使美国建立了联邦航空管理局(FAA)来监管已经变得颇为拥堵的美国空中交通。094Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north-western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.游客们涌向印度西北部偏远角落里的水井那里，惊奇地注视着这些数百年前的建筑奇观，它们标示着古代文明的巧妙设计和艺术性，以及水对人类生存的价值。095The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer plus the fact that both are made with boiled water-allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to waterborne diseases such as dysentery.茶中的活性成分单宁和啤酒中的啤酒花这两种物质的抗菌性能，加上它们都是用开水制作加工的事实，使城市社群在拥挤的区域得以繁荣，免遭诸如痢疾之类的水传播疾病。096As recently as 1993, engineers made a ma jor breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo codes which come very close to Shannon s ultimate limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile videophone revolution.就在最近的1993年，工程师们取得了一项重大突破，发现了所谓的Turbo 码，这与Shannon 提出的数据可以安全传送的最大速度极限非常接近。现在，Turbo 码在移动可视电话变革中起着关键作用。097If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic,it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock,which in some way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme.若寿命是一种由遗传决定的生物特征，那从逻辑上来看，有必要提出生物钟的存在，生物钟以某种方式测量并控制老化过程，并作为一个固定程序的最后一步左右着死亡。098Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system s inability to ensure inability food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.在线辩论参加者认为，我们面临的最大挑战是找出农业系统无法确保所有人都能获得足够粮食的根本原因，同时还认为我们对化石燃料的依赖和政府政策的不支持是这一问题的驱动因素。099Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they wil1 brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.他们已经在实验室测试中试验了中和雷暴能量的各种方法；今年冬天，他们将勇敢面对现实中的雷暴，使用全套激光器射向空中的雷雨云，使其在闪电之前放电。100Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone s remuneration, publicizing performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.通过公开交流每个人的薪酬，公开绩效奖金并把年度加薪一次付清，而不是分摊到全年来消除围绕薪酬的秘密，这样的行为范例会让奖励更明显，更有可能起到激励作用。
